《中國的核應急》白皮書
White Paper: China's Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
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| 七、核應急科技創新 | VII. Scientific and Technological Innovations in Nuclear Emergency Preparedness |
| 中國制定國家核應急工作規劃，明確核應急領域科技創新目標要求、體制機制、人才建設、主要任務、保障措施等，取得一批科技創新成果，部分成果達到國際先進水平。 | China has worked out a national plan for nuclear emergency preparedness work, which has clearly defined the targets, mechanism, training of professionals, main tasks and safeguard measures for scientific and technological innovation in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. New achievements have been made, and some of them have even reached the international advanced level. |
| 核事故后果評價與決策支持系統開發。堅持技術引進與自主創新相結合，中國有關院校和科研院所，在事故源項估算、風場診斷與預報、氣載放射性擴散、水體放射性擴散、核輻射醫學應急分類及救援、放射性劑量估算等技術領域取得成果，為國家核應急決策提供了技術支持。 | Development of nuclear accident consequence evaluation and decision-making support system. By insisting on the combination of technology introduction and self-reliant innovations, China's relevant universities and R&D institutes have made achievements in such technological areas as accident source term estimation, wind field diagnosis and forecast, airborne radioactive material dispersion, radioactive material dispersion in water bodies, nuclear radiation medicine emergency classification and treatment, radioactive dose estimation, etc., which have provided technical support for the state in decision making related to national nuclear emergency preparedness. |
| 核應急基礎技術研究。開展“華龍一號”反應堆、AP1000反應堆（美國先進壓水堆）、EPR反應堆（歐洲壓水堆）、高溫氣冷堆、快堆等三代、四代核電技術反應堆核應急技術與管理研究。針對多機組同時出現共模事故、內陸核電站嚴重事故源項分析、跨地區核應急準備、核燃料循環設施應急準備、核與輻射恐怖襲擊事件應急處置等重大課題，持續開展研究，取得一批成果，促進了中國核應急基礎技術水平的整體增強。 | Basic research in nuclear emergency preparedness. Research in nuclear emergency preparedness technologies and management for third and fourth generation of nuclear power technologies, such as HPR1000, AP1000 (US Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor), EPR (European Pressurized Water Reactor), High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors and fast reactors has been carried out. Studies are continuing on important subjects such as simultaneous common-mode failure for multiple units, severe accident source term analysis for inland nuclear power plants, inter-regional nuclear emergency preparedness, nuclear fuel cycle facility emergency preparedness and emergency response to nuclear and radiological terrorist attacks, and some achievements have been made, uplifting as a whole the level of China's basic technologies concerning nuclear emergency preparedness. |
| 核應急專用裝備研發。重點推進核應急輻射監測、輻射防護、醫學救援、去污洗消等裝備研發和系統集成。自主研制車（船）載巡測設備、航空輻射監測系統、輻射監測與事故響應機器人等裝備設備，以及車（船）載核應急指揮系統、核應急醫學分類及監測平臺、醫療支援系統等，并已裝備各級核應急救援隊。中國海關使用的門戶式輻射探測設備全部由國內企業自主研發制造。 | Research and development of nuclear emergency special equipment. Priority is given to the R&D (research and development) and SI (system integration) of equipment for nuclear emergency radiation monitoring, radiation protection, medical treatment and decontamination. Independently developed equipment includes vehicle (vessel)-mounted detection equipment, aviation radiation monitoring system, radiation monitoring and accident response robots and vehicle (vessel)-mounted nuclear emergency command system, and nuclear emergency medical assorting and monitoring platform and medical support system. Each level of nuclear emergency rescue team is equipped with such equipment and systems. All gate-frame walk-through radiation detectors used by China Customs are developed by domestic enterprises. |
| 核應急信息化技術研究。開展核應急數據采集和傳輸標準化研究，建立健全全國核應急資源管理系統。研發核應急指揮信息化系統，創新核應急預案模塊化、響應流程智能化、組織指揮可視化、輔助決策科學化等技術，實現日常管理與應急響應一體化，提高了核應急響應能力和組織指揮效率。 | Research in nuclear emergency preparedness information technology. Studies on the standardization of nuclear emergency preparedness data collection and transfer have been conducted, and a nationwide nuclear emergency preparedness resources management system has been established and efforts are constantly made to improve it. Development of a nuclear emergency preparedness information system, innovative modularization of nuclear emergency preparedness plan, automation of response process, visualization of organization and command and auxiliary scientific decision-making have led to the integration of routine management with emergency response, which has also helped enhance nuclear emergency preparedness response capabilities and organizational efficiency. |
| 核應急醫療救治技術研究。開展急性放射損傷診治等技術研究，制定急性放射損傷診斷與治療方案和救治指南。開展核輻射突發事件醫學應急關鍵技術研究及其推廣應用研究，研制適用于廣大人群的核輻射事故生物劑量快速估算方法，優化重度、極重度急性骨髓型放射病患者的非清髓造血干細胞、間充質干細胞（MSC）聯合移植救治模式，在放射病治療中實現多項突破，以最大程度減少核輻射事故引起的人員傷亡。持續開展系統的間充質干細胞治療核輻射損傷的基礎與臨床研究，創建了MSC聯合造血干細胞治療重度放射病的治療新方案，其研究成果“成體干細胞救治放射損傷新技術的建立與應用”項目獲得該領域首個國家科技進步一等獎。軍隊醫療機構研究創建了“三級處置、四級救治”體系化核應急醫學應急救援能力建設模式。 | Research in nuclear emergency preparedness medical treatment technology. Research on the technology of diagnosis and treatment for acute radiation injuries has been carried out, and guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and rescue for acute radiation injuries have been developed. Key technical and promotional application research in unexpected nuclear radiation events has resulted in the development of methods for rapid biological dose assessment for nuclear radiation accidents applicable for the general public, which has helped optimize non-myeloablative stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) combined transplantation treatment for severe and extremely severe bone marrow acute radiation patients. A number of breakthroughs in the treatment of radiation diseases have been achieved, leading to a reduction of casualties of nuclear radiation accidents to the maximum extent. With primary and clinical research on the treatment of radiation injuries by use of mesenchymal stem cells, a new therapy using transplantation of combined MSC and hematopoietic stem cells for severe radiation sickness has been created. The research achievement "Establishment and Application to Treat Radiation Diseases by Using Somatic Stem Cells" won a first prize for national science and technology improvement. A "three-level handling and four-level treatment" systemized nuclear emergency medical rescue capabilities development model has been developed by China's military medical research organizations. |
| 公眾風險溝通和心理援助研究。開展核突發事件（事故）情況下大范圍公眾群體危機心理援助技術研究，構建相關心理干預模型，提出應對預案、標準和實施指南。針對核輻射特點，研究編制核事故公眾防護問與答、核與輻射事故醫學應急等面向社會公眾的應用叢書。 | Research in public risk communication and psychological assistance. Research in mass psychological assistance techniques under circumstances of unexpected event (accident) has been conducted, and relevant psychological intervention models have been established, and countermeasures, criteria and implementation guidelines have been proposed. In view of the characteristics of nuclear radiation, Q&A publications in relation to nuclear accident protection and applied books on medical countermeasures in case of nuclear and radiological accidents geared toward the public have been compiled. |
| 核應急環境氣象創新性研究。持續研發并建設完善中國氣象環境應急響應數值預報業務系統。通過技術引進和自主研發，改進升級核及危險化學品泄漏氣象服務系統，完成大氣擴散模式的精細化改進，全球模式分辨率由原來的85千米左右提高到30千米，中尺度區域模式分辨率由15千米提高到10千米，實現了對污染物擴散更加精細化模擬和預報。 | Innovative research in nuclear emergency environmental meteorology. A numerical prediction system of China's meteorological environmental emergency response is being developed and improved. Following the upgrading of the meteorological service system for nuclear and hazardous chemicals leakage and improvement of atmospheric dispersion modeling by way of technology import and self-reliant R&D, the global mode resolution has been enhanced to 30km from about 85km, and medium-scale model resolution has been enhanced to 10km from 15km, realizing a more detailed and precise simulation and prediction of pollutant dispersion. |
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