《中國北斗衛星導航系統》白皮書
White Paper: China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
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| 二、持續建設和發展北斗系統 | II. Development of the BDS |
| 中國始終立足于國情國力，堅持自主創新、分步建設、不斷完善北斗系統。 | Based on its national conditions, China has independently developed the BDS step by step with constant improvement. |
| （一）實施“三步走”發展戰略 | (I) Three-Step Strategy of Development |
| ——第一步，建設北斗一號系統（也稱北斗衛星導航試驗系統）。1994年，啟動北斗一號系統工程建設；2000年，發射2顆地球靜止軌道衛星，建成系統并投入使用，采用有源定位體制，為中國用戶提供定位、授時、廣域差分和短報文通信服務；2003年，發射第三顆地球靜止軌道衛星，進一步增強系統性能。 | - The first step is to construct the BDS-1 (also known as BeiDou Navigation Satellite Demonstration System). The project was started in 1994, and the system was completed and put into operation in 2000 with the launching of two Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites. With an active-positioning scheme, the system provided users in China with positioning, timing, wide-area differential and short message communication services. The third GEO satellite was launched in 2003, which further enhanced the system's performance. |
| ——第二步，建設北斗二號系統。2004年，啟動北斗二號系統工程建設；2012年年底，完成14顆衛星（5顆地球靜止軌道衛星、5顆傾斜地球同步軌道衛星和4顆中圓地球軌道衛星）發射組網。北斗二號系統在兼容北斗一號技術體制基礎上，增加無源定位體制，為亞太地區用戶提供定位、測速、授時、廣域差分和短報文通信服務。 | - The second step is to construct the BDS-2. The project was started in 2004, and by the end of 2012 a total of 14 satellites - 5 GEO satellites, 5 Inclined Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit (IGSO) satellites and 4 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites - had been launched to finish the space constellation deployment. Based on a technical scheme which was compatible with the BDS-1, the BDS-2 added the passive-positioning scheme, and provided users in the Asia-Pacific region with positioning, velocity measurement, timing, wide-area differential and short message communication services. |
| ——第三步，建設北斗全球系統。2009年，啟動北斗全球系統建設，繼承北斗有源服務和無源服務兩種技術體制；計劃2018年，面向“一帶一路”沿線及周邊國家提供基本服務；2020年前后，完成35顆衛星發射組網，為全球用戶提供服務。 | - The third step is to construct the BDS. The project was started in 2009 to inherit the technical schemes of both active and passive services. The goal is to provide basic services to the countries along the Belt and Road and in neighboring regions by 2018, and to complete the constellation deployment with the launching of 35 satellites by 2020 to provide services to global users. |
| （二）北斗系統的基本組成 | (II) Main Composition of the BDS |
| 北斗系統由空間段、地面段和用戶段三部分組成。 | The BDS is mainly comprised of three segments: space segment, ground segment and user segment. |
| ——空間段。北斗系統空間段由若干地球靜止軌道衛星、傾斜地球同步軌道衛星和中圓地球軌道衛星三種軌道衛星組成混合導航星座。 | - The space segment. The BDS space segment is a hybrid navigation constellation consisting of GEO, IGSO and MEO satellites. |
| ——地面段。北斗系統地面段包括主控站、時間同步/注入站和監測站等若干地面站。 | - The ground segment. The BDS ground segment consists of various ground stations, including master control stations, time synchronization/uplink stations, and monitoring stations. |
| ——用戶段。北斗系統用戶段包括北斗兼容其他衛星導航系統的芯片、模塊、天線等基礎產品，以及終端產品、應用系統與應用服務等。 | - The user segment. The BDS user segment consists of various kinds of BDS basic products, including chips, modules and antennae, as well as terminals, application systems and application services, which are compatible with other systems. |
| （三）北斗系統的發展特色 | (III) Characteristics of the BDS |
| 北斗系統的建設實踐，實現了在區域快速形成服務能力、逐步擴展為全球服務的發展路徑，豐富了世界衛星導航事業的發展模式。 | The BDS development follows a model of developing regional service capacities, then gradually extending the service globally. This practice has enriched the development models for navigation satellite systems worldwide. |
| 北斗系統具有以下特點：一是北斗系統空間段采用三種軌道衛星組成的混合星座，與其他衛星導航系統相比高軌衛星更多，抗遮擋能力強，尤其低緯度地區性能特點更為明顯。二是北斗系統提供多個頻點的導航信號，能夠通過多頻信號組合使用等方式提高服務精度。三是北斗系統創新融合了導航與通信能力，具有實時導航、快速定位、精確授時、位置報告和短報文通信服務五大功能。 | The BDS possesses the following characteristics: First, its space segment is a hybrid constellation consisting of satellites in three kinds of orbits. In comparison with other navigation satellite systems, the BDS operates more satellites in high orbits to offer better anti-shielding capabilities, which is particularly observable in terms of performance in the low-latitude areas. Second, the BDS provides navigation signals of multiple frequencies, and is able to improve service accuracy by using combined multi-frequency signals. Third, the BDS integrates navigation and communication capabilities for the first time, and has five major functions - real-time navigation, rapid positioning, precise timing, location reporting and short message communication services. |
| （四）持續提升北斗系統性能 | (IV) Improvement of BDS Performance |
| 為滿足日益增長的用戶需求，北斗系統將加強衛星、原子鐘、信號體制等方面的技術研發，探索發展新一代導航定位授時技術，持續提升服務性能。 | To meet the increasing user demand, BDS technical research and development in the areas of satellites, atomic clocks and signals will be strengthened, and a new generation of navigation, positioning and timing technologies will be explored to improve service performance. |
| ——提供全球服務。發射新一代導航衛星，研制更高性能的星載原子鐘，進一步提高衛星性能與壽命，構建穩定可靠的星間鏈路；增發更多的導航信號，加強與其他衛星導航系統的兼容與互操作，為全球用戶提供更好的服務。 | - Providing global services. China will launch new-generation navigation satellites, develop airborne atomic clocks with enhanced performance, further improve the performance and lifetime of satellites, and build more stable and reliable inter-satellite links. It will broadcast additional navigation signals, and enhance the compatibility and interoperability with other navigation satellite systems, so as to provide better services for global users. |
| ——增強服務能力。大力建設地面試驗驗證系統，實現星地設備全覆蓋測試驗證；持續建設完善星基和地基增強系統，大幅提高系統服務精度和可靠性；優化位置報告及短報文通信技術體制，擴大用戶容量，拓展服務區域。 | - Strengthening service capabilities. China will establish a grounded test and validation bed to accomplish the full coverage of tests and validation for space and ground equipment; continue to build and improve satellite based and ground based augmentation systems to substantially enhance BDS service accuracy and reliability; optimize the technical system of location reporting and short message communication to expand user volume and service coverage. |
| ——保持時空基準。北斗系統時間基準（北斗時），溯源于協調世界時，時差信息在導航電文中發播；推動與其他衛星導航系統開展時差監測，提高兼容與互操作。發展基于北斗系統的全球位置標識體系，推動北斗系統坐標框架與其他衛星導航系統的互操作，并不斷精化參考框架。 | - Maintaining spatio-temporal reference. The BDT is related to the Coordinated Universal Time, and the time bias information is broadcast in the navigation message. China will push forward the clock bias monitoring with other navigation satellite systems, and improve their compatibility and interoperability. It will develop a BDS-based worldwide location identification system, increase the interoperability between BDS coordinate frame and that of other navigation satellite systems, and constantly refine the reference frame. |
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