各位代表：

Esteemed Deputies,

受國務院委托，現將2018年國民經濟和社會發展計劃執行情況與2019年國民經濟和社會發展計劃草案提請十三屆全國人大二次會議審議，并請全國政協各位委員提出意見。

The National Development and Reform Commission has been entrusted by the State Council to deliver this report on the implementation of the 2018 plan and on the 2019 draft plan for national economic and social development to the Second Session of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC) for your deliberation. It also invites comments from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

一、2018年國民經濟和社會發展計劃執行情況

I. Implementation of the 2018 Plan for National Economic and Social Development

2018年，面對錯綜復雜的國際環境和艱巨繁重的國內改革發展穩定任務，在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，各地區各部門以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導，深入貫徹黨的十九大和十九屆二中、三中全會精神，增強“四個意識”，堅定“四個自信”，做到“兩個維護”，按照黨中央、國務院決策部署，統籌推進“五位一體”總體布局，協調推進“四個全面”戰略布局，堅持穩中求進工作總基調，貫徹新發展理念，落實高質量發展要求，以供給側結構性改革為主線，認真執行十三屆全國人大一次會議審議批準的《政府工作報告》、2018年國民經濟和社會發展計劃，落實全國人大財政經濟委員會的審查意見、十三屆全國人大常委會第七次會議對“十三五”規劃《綱要》實施中期評估報告的審議意見等，大力推進市場化改革、高水平開放，大力推進現代化經濟體系建設，堅決打好防范化解重大風險、精準脫貧、污染防治三大攻堅戰，有效應對外部環境深刻變化，統籌穩增長、促改革、調結構、惠民生、防風險，著力做好穩就業、穩金融、穩外貿、穩外資、穩投資、穩預期工作，經濟保持總體平穩、穩中有進，全年經濟社會發展主要目標任務較好完成，計劃執行情況總體良好。

In accordance with the decisions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, we pursued coordinated implementation of the five-sphere integrated plan and the four-pronged comprehensive strategy. We stayed committed to the underlying principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, followed the new development philosophy, fulfilled the requirement for high-quality development, and took supply-side structural reform as our main task. We implemented the Report on the Work of the Government and the 2018 Plan for National Economic and Social Development approved at the First Session of the 13th NPC, and adopted the suggestions from the review of the 2018 Plan by the NPC Financial and Economic Affairs Committee, as well as those put forth at the 13th NPC Standing Committee's Seventh Session regarding the midterm assessment report on the implementation of the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020). 

We focused on promoting market-oriented reforms and high-standard opening up, worked hard to develop a modernized economy, and delivered solid progress in the critical battles against potential risk, poverty, and pollution. We responded effectively to major changes in the external environment, and took coordinated steps to achieve steady growth, advance reform, make structural adjustments, improve living standards, and guard against risk. We worked to ensure stability in employment, financial operations, foreign trade, foreign investment, domestic investment, and expectations. The economy maintained general stability and registered good progress, the main targets and tasks in economic and social development for the year were accomplished, and implementation of the 2018 Plan was successful overall.

（一）著力創新和完善宏觀調控，經濟運行保持在合理區間。更好發揮國家發展規劃的戰略導向作用，保持宏觀經濟政策的連續性和穩定性，堅決不搞“大水漫灌”式強刺激，在區間調控的基礎上加強定向調控、精準調控、相機調控，主動預調微調、強化政策協同、做好預期管理，穩妥應對中美經貿摩擦，保持了經濟平穩健康發展。

1. We employed new and improved methods of macro regulation and ensured major economic indicators stayed within an appropriate range.

We gave better play to the guiding role of national development plans to ensure continuity and stability between macroeconomic policies. We refrained from resorting to a deluge of strong stimulus policies. Instead, we strengthened targeted, precision, and well-timed regulation on the basis of range-based regulation. We took proactive measures to carry out anticipatory adjustments and fine-tuning, strengthened coordination between macroeconomic policies, and better managed expectations. We appropriately handled economic and trade friction between China and the US. With these efforts, we were able to maintain stable and sound economic development.

一是宏觀調控目標較好完成。國內生產總值達到90.03萬億元，增長6.6%，符合預期目標。實施更加積極的就業政策，建立完善穩就業應急機制，創新創業帶動就業的作用進一步增強，全年城鎮新增就業1361萬人，全國城鎮調查失業率穩定在5%左右的較低水平。加強價格監測分析預警調控，做好市場保供穩價工作，全年居民消費價格溫和上漲2.1%。國際收支基本平衡，外匯儲備穩定在3萬億美元以上。

1) Macro-regulation targets were achieved.

China's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 90.03 trillion yuan, an increase of 6.6%, which was in line with the projected target. We implemented a more proactive employment policy, and established a sound emergency response mechanism to keep employment stable. More jobs were created through innovation and business startups. A total of 13.61 million urban jobs were added over the year, and the survey-based urban unemployment rate was kept at a relatively low level of about 5%. For prices we strengthened monitoring, analysis, early warning, and regulation, and ensured market supply and price levels remained stable. The consumer price index (CPI) registered a moderate rise of 2.1% for the year. A basic equilibrium was kept in the balance of payments and foreign exchange reserves were stable at over US$ 3 trillion.

二是財政金融運行基本平穩。積極的財政政策聚力增效，減稅降費力度進一步加大，財政支出結構持續優化，有力保障民生等重點領域資金需求。全國一般公共預算收入18.34萬億元，增長6.2%；全國一般公共預算支出22.09萬億元，增長8.7%；財政赤字2.38萬億元，與預算持平。穩健的貨幣政策保持中性，通過差別化準備金、差異化信貸等政策，引導資金更多投向民營企業和小微企業等實體經濟。國家融資擔保基金設立運作。年末廣義貨幣（M2）余額增長8.1%。

2) Fiscal and financial indicators were stable.

We implemented a proactive fiscal policy with greater intensity and enhanced its performance. Further steps were taken to cut taxes and fees, and efforts to improve the composition of government spending continued, to ensure funding for major areas such as the improvement of living standards. Revenue in the general public budget was 18.34 trillion yuan, an increase of 6.2%; expenditure totaled 22.09 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.7%; and the fiscal deficit was 2.38 trillion yuan, the same as the budgeted figure. In monetary policy, a prudent and neutral stance was maintained, and we used policies of differentiated reserve ratios and differentiated credit to guide more funding toward private enterprises and small and micro businesses in the real economy. The national financing guaranty fund was put into operation. At the end of 2018, growth in the balance of the M2 money supply was 8.1%.

三是投資補短板力度持續加大。充分發揮中央預算內投資對優化供給結構的引導帶動作用，建立加大基礎設施領域補短板力度協調機制，加強重大項目儲備，統籌推進重大基礎設施規劃建設，鐵路營業里程超過13.1萬公里，其中高速鐵路超過2.9萬公里；高速公路總里程達到14.3萬公里。促進民間投資持續健康發展，在鐵路、民航、油氣、電信等領域向民間資本推出一批有吸引力的項目，規范有序推廣政府和社會資本合作（PPP）模式。固定資產投資（不含農戶）增長5.9%，其中民間投資增長8.7%。投資結構持續優化，高技術制造業、裝備制造業投資分別增長16.1%和11.1%。

3) Investment in areas of weakness continued to increase.

We enabled investment from the central government budget to play a leading role in improving the supply structure. We established a mechanism to strengthen coordination in shoring up infrastructure weaknesses, added to the major project reserve, and coordinated the planning and construction of major infrastructure projects. The length of in-service railways exceeded 131,000 kilometers, including more than 29,000 kilometers of high-speed rail lines. The total length of expressways now stands at 143,000 kilometers. To encourage sustainable and healthy private investment, we rolled out a number of attractive projects in sectors like rail, civil aviation, oil and natural gas, and telecommunications, and the public-private partnership (PPP) model was extended to more areas in a well-regulated and orderly way. Total fixed-asset investment (excluding rural households) increased by 5.9%, which includes an 8.7% increase in private investment. There were continuous improvements in the composition of investment, with investment in high-tech manufacturing and equipment manufacturing growing 16.1% and 11.1% respectively.

四是消費提質擴容積極推進。完善促進消費體制機制進一步激發居民消費潛力的若干意見和三年實施方案出臺實施，放心消費創新活動深入推進，消費環境持續優化。降低藥品、汽車、日用消費品等進口關稅，調整完善新能源汽車推廣應用財政補貼政策。加快提升新型信息產品供給體系質量，信息消費保持快速增長。海南省建設國際旅游消費中心的實施方案、促進鄉村旅游發展提質升級行動方案（2018年－2020年）印發實施，引導城鄉居民擴大文化消費試點工作持續推進，上千家重點國有景區門票價格下降，全國家政培訓提升行動啟動，相關領域消費潛力進一步釋放，全年社會消費品零售總額增長9%。消費對經濟增長拉動作用增強，最終消費支出貢獻率提高到76.2%。

4) Strong improvements in the quality and scale of consumption were achieved.

The Guidelines on Improving Consumption-Promoting Systems and Mechanisms to Unleash the Potential of Personal Consumption were implemented, along with a three-year action plan. The campaign to create a worry-free atmosphere for consumers yielded further progress and helped improve the consumption environment. We lowered import tariffs on medicines, automobiles, and some non-durable consumer goods, and improved government subsidy policies for promoting the use of new-energy vehicles (NEVs). We improved the supply system for new types of information products at a faster pace and maintained rapid growth in information consumption. We unveiled and put in motion the Implementation Plan on Making Hainan an International Hotspot for Tourism and Shopping and the Action Plan on Improving and Upgrading Rural Tourism (2018-2020). Trials to boost cultural consumption among urban and rural residents continued, over 1,000 key state tourist sites cut their ticket prices, and a national training program was launched in the domestic services sector, thus further unleashing the potential for consumption in relevant areas. Total annual retail sales of consumer goods rose 9%. With a contribution of 76.2% of growth, consumption is playing a much bigger role in driving the economy.

（二）供給側結構性改革深入推進，高質量發展取得積極進展。著力進行推動高質量發展的頂層設計，制定實施推動高質量發展的意見，推動高質量發展的制度體系逐步建立。扎實推進供給側結構性改革，以“破、立、降”為主攻方向，持續改善供給結構，發展質量效益穩步提升。

2. We steadily advanced supply-side structural reform and made strong progress toward high-quality development.

We focused on top-level planning to promote high-quality development. We implemented the Guidelines on Promoting High-Quality Development, and took gradual steps toward establishing an institutional system for high-quality development. We continued to make solid progress in supply-side structural reform. With the focus on cutting ineffective supply, fostering new growth drivers, and reducing costs in the real economy, we saw yet further improvements in the composition of supply and sustained increases in the quality and efficiency of development.

一是去產能工作扎實開展。結構性去產能、系統性優產能持續推進，壓減粗鋼產能3500萬噸以上、退出煤炭落后產能2.7億噸，均提前兩年完成“十三五”目標任務，一大批“散亂污”企業出清，工業產能利用率處在較高水平。進一步做好“僵尸企業”及去產能企業債務處置工作，穩妥推進去產能職工安置，轉崗再就業工作平穩有序進行。

1) Solid progress was achieved in cutting overcapacity.

Our efforts to cut overcapacity through structural adjustments and improvements continued. We cut production capacity by over 35 million metric tons of crude steel and 270 million metric tons of coal, thus achieving the targets for steel and coal overcapacity cuts in the 13th Five-Year Plan two years ahead of schedule. A large number of small, poorly-managed, and heavily-polluting enterprises were closed down, and a relatively high rate of industrial capacity utilization was maintained. Further progress was made in handling the debts of "zombie enterprises" and enterprises with excess capacity, and proper steps were taken to help workers displaced due to overcapacity cuts, ensuring they were resettled to new positions or found new employment in a smooth and orderly fashion.

二是振興實體經濟邁出新步伐。制造強國建設持續推進，工業增加值突破30萬億元。促進首臺（套）重大技術裝備示范應用的意見印發實施，關鍵核心技術攻關加快開展。增強制造業核心競爭力三年行動計劃（2018－2020年）、工業互聯網發展行動計劃（2018－2020年）深入實施，推動互聯網、大數據、人工智能和實體經濟深度融合，推進工業互聯網+智能制造集成應用示范，軌道交通、高端醫療器械、工業機器人等制造業重點領域關鍵技術加快突破并實現產業化。新一輪技術改造升級工程組織實施，高端裝備、智能制造、新材料等重點領域技術改造加快推進。質量強國戰略深入實施，標準質量品牌建設持續加強。國家物流樞紐布局和建設規劃印發實施。服務業創新發展大綱深入落實，服務質量提升專項行動加快推進，服務業綜合改革試點深入開展。

2) New strides were taken in revitalizing the real economy.

As progress continued in building China into a manufacturer of quality, the total value-added of industry broke the 30-trillion-yuan mark. We promulgated the Guidelines on Promoting the Demonstration and Application of Newly-Developed Major Technological Equipment, and stepped up efforts to make breakthroughs in a number of core and key technologies. We moved forward with the implementation of the Three-Year Action Plan on Enhancing Core Competitiveness in the Manufacturing Sector (2018-2020) and the Action Plan on Developing the Industrial Internet (2018-2020). We promoted the in-depth integration of the internet, big data, and artificial intelligence (AI) into the real economy, and carried out demonstration projects for integrated applications of the industrial internet plus smart manufacturing. Breakthroughs were made at a faster pace in core technologies in key areas such as rail transit, high-end medical appliances, and industrial robots, and these have been successfully applied to industry. We carried out a new round of technology transformation and upgrading projects, and accelerated technology transformations in major areas such as high-end equipment, smart manufacturing, and new materials. Further strides were taken in the strategy to make China a country strong on quality, and our work on strengthening quality, standards, and brands was intensified. We issued the Plan on the Layout and Development of National Logistics Hubs. In the services sector, we continued implementing the guidelines on innovation-driven development, carried out dedicated campaigns to raise quality, and conducted trials of integrated reform.

三是降成本工作持續推進。大力實施減稅降費，全年為企業和個人減負約1.3萬億元。制造業等行業增值稅稅率從17%降至16%，交通運輸、郵政、建筑、基礎電信服務等行業及農產品等貨物的增值稅稅率從11%降至10%，提高小規模納稅人年銷售額標準，研發費用加計扣除比例提高到75%的政策擴大至所有企業，金融機構免征增值稅貸款單戶授信額度提高到1000萬元。降低、停征一批行政事業性收費和政府性基金。延長階段性降低社會保險費率和企業住房公積金繳存比例政策期限，清理規范經營服務性收費。大力推動降低用能、物流等成本，市場化交易電量比重進一步提高，全國一般工商業電價平均降低10%的目標超額完成，對掛車減半征收車輛購置稅，擴大高速公路差異化收費試點。

3) Work on bringing down costs continued.

We stepped up efforts to reduce taxes and fees, helping ease the burden on enterprises and individuals by about 1.3 trillion yuan for the year. The rates of value added tax (VAT) were lowered from 17% to 16% in manufacturing and some other industries, and from 11% to 10% in industries such as transportation, postal services, construction, and basic telecommunications services and on goods such as agricultural products. The annual sales threshold for small-scale taxpayers was raised. The policy of a 75% tax deduction for research and development (R&D) expenses was extended to cover all enterprises. Financial institutions' credit line threshold for VAT exemption rose to 10 million yuan. We reduced or abolished a range of government administrative fees and government-managed funds. We continued the policy of reducing businesses' contributions to social insurance schemes and the housing provident fund, and overhauled and standardized business service fees. We took strong steps to lower energy and logistics costs, and continued to raise the proportion of market-based electricity transactions. The target to cut the price of electricity for general industrial and commercial businesses by an average of 10% was surpassed. Purchase tax on trailers was halved, and the policy of differentiated tolls was extended to cover more expressways.

（三）扎實打好三大攻堅戰，重點任務取得積極進展。制定三大攻堅戰行動方案，依法依規有序實施，金融治理效果明顯，脫貧攻堅完成年度目標，生態環境狀況明顯好轉。

3. We made solid progress in the critical battles against potential risk, poverty, and pollution, and yielded positive results in key tasks.

We formulated an action plan for winning the three critical battles, for which implementation has proceeded as planned and in accordance with laws and regulations. We scored notable achievements in improving financial governance, hit our poverty alleviation targets for the year, and secured fresh progress in improving the environment.

一是重大風險總體可控。宏觀杠桿率過快增長勢頭得到有效遏制，金融市場總體平穩，人民幣匯率保持合理穩定，市場約束逐步增強，審慎經營理念得到強化，金融監管制度進一步完善，金融亂象整治取得階段性成效。穩步推進外債登記制管理改革，有效防范外債風險。重點城市新建商品住宅銷售價格上漲態勢基本得到控制，因地制宜調整完善棚戶區改造的貨幣化安置政策。

1) Major risks were manageable on the whole. 

We have curbed excessively rapid growth of the macro-leverage ratio and maintained general stability in the financial market. The RMB exchange rate has remained generally stable at an appropriate level. Market restraints have been gradually enhanced, and the concept of prudent business operations has taken stronger root. Further improvements were made in financial regulation mechanisms, and initial success was achieved in addressing acute problems in the financial sector. We moved forward with reforms to improve the management system for foreign-debt registration and effectively guarded against foreign debt risks. The growth of commodity housing prices in major cities was basically brought under control, and the policy of providing monetary compensation to people displaced by the rebuilding of run-down urban areas was improved according to local circumstances.

二是精準扶貧精準脫貧有力推進。進一步加大對“三區三州”等深度貧困地區和特殊貧困群體的幫扶力度，易地扶貧搬遷、以工代賑等重點任務扎實推進，產業、就業、教育、健康、生態、金融、網絡、文化和旅游等扶貧工作持續深化，貧困地區自我發展能力不斷增強。農村貧困人口脫貧1386萬人，280萬人易地扶貧搬遷建設任務順利完成，幫扶貧困勞動力實現就業388萬人。

2) Targeted poverty alleviation registered strong progress.

We stepped up support and assistance to particular groups affected by poverty and to extremely poor areas, including the three regions and three prefectures. We made solid progress in relocating people from inhospitable areas and implementing work-relief programs. We stepped up initiatives to alleviate poverty through the development of local industries, employment, education, healthcare services, culture, tourism, and the internet, as well as the provision of ecological conservation subsidies and financial support. These efforts have enabled poor areas to boost their capacity for self-sufficient development. Over the year, 13.86 million people in rural areas were lifted out of poverty, our target of relocating 2.8 million people from inhospitable areas was achieved, and we helped 3.88 million people in poverty find jobs.

三是污染防治攻堅戰取得重大進展。深入貫徹習近平生態文明思想和全國生態環境保護大會精神，全面加強生態環境保護的頂層設計進一步完善，中央生態環境保護督察“回頭看”有序開展，河長制湖長制全面建立，國家公園體制試點穩步推進。藍天、碧水、凈土保衛戰全面推進，打贏藍天保衛戰三年行動計劃等出臺實施，細顆粒物（PM2.5）未達標地級及以上城市年均濃度下降10.4%，水、土壤污染防治行動深入開展，主要污染物排放總量和單位國內生產總值二氧化碳排放量進一步下降。堅定不移推進禁止洋垃圾入境，全國固體廢物進口總量比上年減少46.5%。加快推進垃圾分類處理。初步劃定京津冀等15個省份生態保護紅線，山西等16個省份基本形成劃定方案。深化生態環境保護綜合行政執法改革的指導意見印發實施。重大生態保護修復工程有序推進。實施退耕還林還草1238萬畝，實施草原圍欄、退化草原改良等退牧還草工程3700多萬畝。加強濱海濕地保護、嚴格管控圍填海。市場化、多元化生態保護補償機制建設積極推進，創新和完善促進綠色發展價格機制的意見出臺實施。北方地區冬季清潔取暖工作穩妥推進，天然氣產供儲銷體系建設取得積極進展。重點地區煤炭消費減量替代持續推進，用能權交易試點啟動實施，提前兩年完成燃煤電廠超低排放和節能改造總量目標任務，清潔能源消納長效機制建設和運行調節加強，棄電量和棄電率實現“雙降”，單位國內生產總值能耗下降3.1%。全國碳排放權交易市場建設穩步推進。推動聯合國氣候變化大會取得積極成果，為《巴黎協定》實施細則的通過發揮重要作用。

3) Major progress was made in the critical battle against pollution.

Putting into practice Xi Jinping's thinking on promoting ecological progress and the principles from the national conference on ecological and environmental protection, we improved top-level planning for strengthening ecological and environmental protection across the board. Follow-up environmental inspections were carried out by the central government as planned, the river chief and lake chief systems came into effect nationwide, and trials of the national park system registered steady progress. 

We launched campaigns to protect our blue skies, clear waters, and clean lands across the country and began implementing the Three-Year Action Plan for Keeping Our Skies Blue. The annual average concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) decreased by 10.4% in the cities at and above prefecture level that fell short of the national standards, and further steps were taken to address water and soil pollution. Total emissions of major pollutants and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP continued to fall. 

We took resolute measures to block illegal waste imports, and achieved a reduction of 46.5% in solid waste imports on the previous year. Work on the sorted treatment of waste made rapid progress. We completed the first steps in setting standards for enforcing ecological-conservation red lines in 15 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities, including Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, and basically completed plans for 16 others including Shanxi. We formulated the guidelines on deepening reforms for coordinated administrative law enforcement to protect ecosystems and the environment. 

We made steady progress in major ecological conservation and restoration projects. We returned more than 825,333 hectares of marginal farmland to forest or grassland, and undertook projects to return 2.47 million hectares of grazing land to grassland, which involved constructing grassland fencing and improving the condition of degraded grasslands. We did more to protect coastal wetlands and strictly controlled and regulated coastal reclamation activities. Progress was made in establishing market-based mechanisms for diversified ecological compensation and the Guidelines on Innovating and Improving Pricing Mechanisms for Promoting Green Development were issued for implementation.

We steadily moved forward with the work to adopt clean energy sources for winter heating in northern China, and achieved progress in building systems for natural gas production, supply, reserve, and sale. We continued working to cut coal consumption and to replace coal with alternative energy in key areas, and launched trials on trading energy consumption rights. The total volume targets for upgrading coal-burning power plants nationwide to achieve ultra-low emissions and energy efficiency were completed two years ahead of schedule. We made moves to strengthen the development and regulation of the long-term mechanism for absorbing clean energy into power grids, and delivered a reduction in both the amount and ratio of idle power and a decrease of 3.1% in energy consumption per unit of GDP. Steady progress was made in establishing a national market for trading carbon emission rights.

On the international stage, China worked to bring about positive results at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poland, and made an important contribution to ensuring the adoption of the Paris Agreement's implementation guidelines.

（四）全面實施創新驅動發展戰略，創新創業活力持續釋放。強化創新第一動力作用，科技體制改革取得實質性突破，國家創新體系效能大幅提升，高技術產業和戰略性新興產業實現較快發展，“互聯網+”行動深入推進，新動能培育取得積極進展，創新創業水平進一步提高，創新型國家建設邁出新步伐。

4. We fully implemented the innovation-driven development strategy and continued to unlock new enthusiasm for innovation and business startups.

We bolstered the role of innovation as the primary driver of development. Substantive breakthroughs were made in reforming the management system for science and technology, and efficiency was greatly enhanced in the national innovation system. High-tech industries and strategic emerging industries recorded rapid growth, the Internet Plus action plan was further implemented, and much progress was made toward fostering new growth drivers. Innovation and business startups have been elevated to yet higher levels, and new strides have been made in building China into a country of innovators.

一是科技實力和創新能力不斷提升。全國研究與試驗發展經費投入強度達到2.18%，科技進步貢獻率預計提高到58.5%。基礎研究進一步加強，首次在半導體量子點體系中實現三量子比特邏輯門，首次發現鐵基超導體中的馬約拉納束縛態，首次人工創建單條染色體真核細胞。一批重大科技成果涌現，嫦娥四號探測器成功著陸月球背面，第二艘航母出海試航，國產大型水陸兩棲飛機水上首飛，北斗導航系統面向全球開啟服務，5G技術系統設備達到預商用水平。重大科技、民用空間、信息等領域基礎設施建設提質提速，科研管理機制和評價激勵制度不斷完善。全面創新改革試驗169項先行先試改革舉措已完成123項，第二批共23項改革舉措正在復制推廣。北京、上海全球影響力科技創新中心建設加速推進，粵港澳大灣區國際科技創新中心建設方案印發實施，北京懷柔、上海張江、安徽合肥3個綜合性國家科學中心建設進展順利，海南省創新驅動發展戰略實施方案出臺實施。國家級新區、開發區和20個國家自主創新示范區、168個國家高新區的引領作用增強，高速列車、新能源汽車等國家技術創新中心建設深入推進。國家產業創新中心工作指引出臺實施，先進計算、先進存儲、生物育種等3個國家產業創新中心加快建設。企業技術創新主體地位不斷提高，新認定111家國家企業技術中心。

1) Our scientific and technological strength and innovation capacity continued to increase.

China's spending on R&D reached 2.18% of GDP, and the contribution of scientific and technological advances to economic growth hit 58.5%. Basic research was further strengthened with a number of firsts being achieved: Chinese scientists demonstrated a toffoli gate in a semiconductor three-qubit system, found evidence for Majorana bound states in an iron-based superconductor, and created a single-chromosome eukaryote. We also saw a constant stream of major scientific and technological advances throughout the year: The Chang'e-4 lunar probe successfully landed on the far side of the moon; China's second homemade aircraft carrier took to the seas for its trial voyage; our homemade large amphibious aircraft completed its first overwater flight; the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System began providing services to the world; and China's 5G system equipment has reached the pre-commercial level.

We ensured faster and better-quality infrastructure construction in major science and technology, civil-space, information, and other fields, and continued improving the management mechanisms and assessment and incentive systems for scientific research. Pilot reforms for comprehensive innovation have made further progress—123 out of 169 preliminary trials were completed and a second batch of 23 reform measures are currently being replicated and applied on a broader scale. Efforts to see Beijing and Shanghai become global science and technology innovation centers picked up pace, plans on building Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area into an international center for science and technology innovation were issued for implementation, and construction on the three comprehensive national science centers in Beijing's Huairou, Shanghai's Zhangjiang, and Anhui's Hefei advanced smoothly. The Implementation Plan for the Innovation-Driven Development Strategy of Hainan Province was released. 

Our state-level new areas, development zones, 20 national innovation demonstration zones, and 168 national new- and high-tech development zones played a stronger role in leading development, and good progress was made in the construction of national technological innovation centers for high-speed trains and NEVs. We unveiled the Guidelines on Building National Industrial Innovation Centers, and stepped up the building of the three national industrial innovation centers for advanced computing, advanced memory technology, and bio-breeding. We continued to enhance the role of enterprises as the principal entities in technological innovation, and certified a further 111 state-level enterprise technology centers.

二是大眾創業萬眾創新縱深推進。推動創新創業高質量發展打造“雙創”升級版的意見出臺實施，制造業“雙創”平臺培育三年行動計劃深入推進，確定150個制造業“雙創”平臺試點示范項目。6500多家眾創空間服務創業團隊40萬家，創業就業人數超過140萬人。1824家星創天地培訓農村創業人才4.9萬人次，孵化企業2.3萬家。加強“雙創”示范基地建設和小微企業創業創新示范基地建設，建立完善國家創新創業政策信息服務網，成功舉辦2018年全國“雙創”活動周和“創響中國”系列活動。國家新興產業創業投資引導基金有效運轉，新投資企業超過1200家。全年新登記注冊企業增長10.3%，平均每天新設1.84萬戶。

2) Business startups and innovation initiatives were intensified.

The Guidelines on Promoting High-Quality Development of Innovation and Business Startups and Upgrading the National Business Startups and Innovation Initiative was promulgated. We continued to carry out the Three-Year Action Plan for Developing Business Startups and Innovation Platforms in Manufacturing, and confirmed 150 demonstration projects to pilot these platforms. Over 6,500 maker spaces have served 400,000 entrepreneurial teams, and helped generate over 1.4 million jobs; 1,824 rural maker spaces have filled 49,000 places on training courses and incubated 23,000 enterprises. We encouraged more robust development of business startups and innovation demonstration centers and similar demonstration hubs for small and micro businesses, and set up a sound national information service portal for related policies. We successfully held the 2018 National Entrepreneurship and Innovation Week and the Innovating China Tour. The National Venture Capital Guide Fund for Emerging Industries operated effectively, helping more than 1,200 new enterprises receive investment. The number of newly registered businesses in 2018 grew by 10.3%, with an average of 18,400 new businesses daily.

三是新興產業蓬勃發展。全面落實“十三五”國家戰略性新興產業發展規劃，推動戰略性產業集群發展，“互聯網+”、新一代信息基礎設施、人工智能創新發展、生物產業倍增、民用空間基礎設施等重大工程加速推進。規模以上高技術制造業增加值增長11.7%，快于全部規模以上工業增速。電子商務法正式公布，引導和規范數字經濟、共享經濟等新業態健康發展的政策文件陸續出臺，對新業態新模式的包容審慎監管進一步完善，智能零售、產能共享等新熱點持續涌現，全年實物商品網上零售額增長25.4%，占社會消費品零售總額比例達18.4%，比上年提高3.4個百分點。京津冀、貴州等8個國家大數據綜合試驗區加快建設。

3) Emerging industries enjoyed vigorous development.

The National Development Plan for Strategic Emerging Industries during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period was fully implemented. We promoted the development of strategic industry clusters, and moved faster to advance major projects on the "Internet Plus" model, next-generation information infrastructure, innovation-driven AI development, bio-tech industry, and civil-space infrastructure. The value-added of large high-tech manufacturing enterprises grew 11.7%, much higher than that of large industrial enterprises as a whole. The E-Commerce Law was promulgated, and a number of policies were issued over the course of the year to guide and regulate the development of new forms of business, such as the digital economy and the sharing economy. Accommodative and prudential regulation over new industries and new forms of business was further improved, allowing for the emergence of a stream of new hot innovations such as smart retail and capacity sharing. The online retail sales of goods grew by 25.4%, accounting for 18.4% of total retail sales of consumer goods, an increase of 3.4 percentage points from the previous year. We accelerated the building of eight national comprehensive experimental zones for big data in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Guizhou, and other areas.

四是軍民融合發展戰略扎實推進。國家軍民融合創新示范區啟動建設。科技軍民融合重點專項與軍民科技協同創新平臺啟動，軍民融合重大示范項目建設進展順利。國家軍民融合信息化平臺建設有力推進。國家國防科技工業軍民融合產業投資基金、國家級軍民融合發展產業投資基金啟動運行。支持符合條件的軍民融合企業發行企業債券，拓寬軍民融合投融資渠道。第三屆中國軍民兩用技術創新應用大賽和第四屆軍民融合高技術裝備成果展成功舉辦。

4) The military-civilian integration strategy was implemented to good effect.

Construction began on demonstration zones to promote innovation in military-civilian integration (MCI). Key special MCI projects on science and technology and the platform for military-civilian collaborative innovation in science and technology were launched. Smooth progress was made in major MCI demonstration projects, and strong steps were taken to develop the national MCI information platform. The national MCI industrial investment fund for defense-related science, technology, and industry was put into operation, along with the national-level MCI industrial investment fund. We also broadened investment and financing channels for military-civilian integration, by offering support for qualified MCI enterprises to issue corporate bonds. The third China Dual-Use Technology and Application Contest and the fourth Exhibition of MCI High-Tech Equipment Outcomes were successfully held.

（五）深化改革擴大開放，經濟社會發展動力進一步激發。按照深化黨和國家機構改革方案，國務院機構改革有序推進。深入開展紀念改革開放40周年系列慶祝活動，推動一系列重大改革開放舉措落地。

5. We pursued deeper reform and greater opening up and unlocked more drivers of economic and social development.

Reform of the State Council's institutions progressed as per the arrangements in the Plan on Deepening Reform of Party and State Institutions. A vast array of activities were held to celebrate the 40th anniversary of China's reform and opening up, and a host of major measures to promote reform and opening up were implemented.

一是營商環境持續優化。“放管服”改革深入推進。全面實施全國統一的市場準入負面清單制度，市場準入負面清單（2018年版）發布，清單以外的行業、領域、業務等各類市場主體皆可依法平等進入。取消汽車投資項目核準等一批行政許可事項，大幅壓縮企業開辦時間，副省級以上城市和省會城市企業開辦時間壓縮至8.5個工作日以內。“證照分離”改革在全國推開，全面實施全國統一“二十四證合一”改革。工業產品生產許可證制度改革加快推進，產品種類由38類降至24類。在北京等15個城市和浙江省開展工程建設項目審批制度改革試點。世界銀行公布的我國營商環境全球排名由2017年第78位大幅躍升至第46位。在22個城市開展中國營商環境試評價，中國營商環境評價體系初步構建。深入推進“雙隨機、一公開”監管，基本實現市場監管領域日常監管全覆蓋。社會信用體系建設持續推進，電信詐騙、偷逃騙稅等19個重點領域失信問題專項治理深入開展，守信聯合激勵和失信聯合懲戒機制初顯成效。政務服務“一網一門一次”改革啟動實施，建立國務院部門數據共享責任清單，基本建成全國一體化的數據共享交換平臺體系，數據共享交換量達360億條次。深入推進審批服務便民化，“減證便民”行動和“群眾辦事百項堵點疏解行動”扎實開展。

1) The business environment consistently improved.

Reforms to streamline administration, delegate powers, improve regulation, and upgrade services continued apace. Fully implementing the Negative List for Market Access, we issued the 2018 version, and took steps to ensure industries, sectors, and commercial activities not on the list could be fairly accessed by all types of market entities in accordance with law. We also abolished a number of items subject to administrative approval including those for automobile investment projects. The time taken to set up a business has been dramatically shortened to within 8.5 working days in cities at and above sub-provincial level and provincial capitals.

The reform separating out the business license from certificates required for starting a business was rolled out nationwide, and the national reform to merge 24 types of certification into one certificate was fully implemented. Reform of the industrial production licensing system picked up speed, and the number of product categories has been cut from 38 to 24. Trial reforms on the approval system for construction projects were started in Beijing and 14 other cities, as well as in Zhejiang Province. In the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business ranking (2019), China jumped from 78th to 46th place. We also piloted a business environment evaluation suited to China's conditions in 22 cities, marking the first step toward establishing China's own business environment evaluation system.

Progress was made in promoting the oversight model using randomly selected inspectors to inspect randomly selected entities and requiring the prompt release of results, and full coverage of daily oversight in market regulation was basically realized. We continued building the social credit system. We introduced targeted measures in 19 key sectors against acts in bad faith, including telecom fraud, tax evasion, and tax fraud. The mechanisms of joint incentives for acts of good faith and joint punishment for acts of bad faith produced initial results. 

We launched reforms to see that people need only log in to one website or visit one place and make one trip to access a government service. We formulated lists of responsibilities on data sharing for departments under the State Council, and basically established a national unified system of platforms for sharing and exchanging data. This system has so far facilitated data exchanges of 36 billion in number. We worked hard to provide more convenient approval services, and made solid progress in the "less certificates, more convenience" initiative and the campaign to free up 100 bottlenecks preventing people from accessing government services.

二是國資國企改革加快推進。國有企業混合所有制改革積極穩步開展，深化混合所有制改革試點有關政策出臺實施，三批50家混合所有制改革試點梯次推進并取得重要階段性成效。改革國有企業工資決定機制的意見、推進國有資本投資、運營公司改革試點的實施意見出臺，深化國企改革“1+N”政策體系搭建完成。加強國有企業資產負債約束的指導意見印發實施，國有企業資產負債約束機制初步建立。中國特色現代國有企業制度進一步完善，有效制衡的法人治理結構和靈活高效的市場化經營機制加快建立。

2) Reform of state capital and SOEs picked up pace.

The reform to introduce mixed ownership to SOEs moved forward in an active and steady manner. We issued the policies for deepening pilot reforms on mixed ownership, and carried out pilot mixed-ownership reforms sequentially in 50 SOEs in three groups, yielding important results. The Guidelines on Reforming the Salary-Setting Mechanism for SOEs and the Guidelines on Promoting Pilot Reforms in State Capital Investment and Management Companies were published. A system anchored by the Guidelines on Deepening Reform of SOEs as well as other supplementary policies was put in place. The Guidelines on Strengthening Constraints on SOEs' Debt-to-Asset Ratios were promulgated, marking the initial step in setting up a constraint mechanism for SOEs' debt-to-asset ratios. The modern SOE system with Chinese characteristics was further improved, and faster progress was made in establishing a corporate governance structure with effective checks and balances and flexible and efficient market-based operating mechanisms.

三是支持民營經濟發展力度加大。加強產權和知識產權保護，建立健全產權保護協調機制，全面清理涉及產權保護的規章規范性文件，深入開展政府機構失信問題專項治理行動。“互聯網+”知識產權保護工作方案出臺實施。大力弘揚企業家精神，私營企業暫行條例廢止。著力疏通貨幣政策傳導機制，鼓勵金融機構擴大對實體經濟特別是制造業企業、民營企業、小微企業的信貸投放。設立民營企業債券融資支持工具，以市場化方式幫助企業緩解融資難問題。

3) The private sector received stronger support.

We strengthened the protection of property rights and intellectual property rights (IPR). We set up a robust mechanism to ensure coordinated property rights protection, conducted a review of all regulations and normative documents relating to property rights protection, and carried out extensive campaigns to address failures within government institutions to act in good faith in this area. The Plan for the Internet Plus IPR Protection was unveiled. In line with our efforts to promote entrepreneurship, we repealed the Provisional Regulations for Private Enterprises. We worked to improve the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, and encouraged financial institutions to provide more credit to the real economy and to manufacturing firms, private enterprises, and small and micro businesses in particular. We set up instruments to support private enterprises in debt financing and help them find market-based solutions to financing problems.

四是財稅金融改革穩步推進。中央與地方財政事權和支出責任劃分改革分領域推進，預算績效管理制度不斷完善。增值稅改革進一步深化。修改個人所得稅法及其實施條例，提高基本減除費用標準，設立6項專項附加扣除，稅率結構進一步調整優化。環境保護稅順利開征。完善系統重要性金融機構監管、加強非金融企業投資金融機構監管、完善國有金融資本管理等政策文件出臺實施。有序推動民營銀行發展，17家民營銀行獲批開業。

4) The reform of the fiscal, tax, and financial systems registered steady progress. 

We continued reforms to divide fiscal powers and expenditure responsibilities between central and local governments on a sector by sector basis, and made consistent improvements to performance-based budgetary management. In the area of tax, further progress was made in VAT reform. We revised the Law on Individual Income Tax and its implementation regulations, raised the income tax threshold, introduced six special deductible items, and improved the structure of tax rates. The environmental protection tax came into force. 

We published policies on improving regulation of systemically important financial institutions, on strengthening oversight over nonfinancial firms' investment in financial institutions, and on improving the management of state-owned financial capital. The orderly development of private banks was promoted, with approval being granted for the establishment of 17 private banks.

五是共建“一帶一路”取得新進展。推進“一帶一路”建設工作5周年座談會召開，為推動“一帶一路”建設走深走實明確了方向。圍繞重點方向重點國別，鞏固共建意愿、推動規劃對接，已累計同150多個國家和國際組織簽署171份政府間合作文件。國際產能合作穩步推進，境外經貿合作區產業集聚效應增強，與法國、日本、新加坡等10多個國家簽署第三方市場合作文件，中老、中泰鐵路和中阿（聯酋）“一帶一路”產能合作園區等重點項目取得實質性進展，雅萬高鐵全面開工，瓜達爾港等重點港口項目進展順利，中歐班列提質增效工作取得重要進展，累計開行超過1.3萬列，回程率提高近20個百分點。“一帶一路”沿線國家航空互聯互通水平顯著提高，新開航線106條。“一帶一路”國際科學組織聯盟成立，推動與東盟、南亞、阿拉伯國家、中亞、中東歐5個區域共建技術轉移平臺，推動與菲律賓、印尼等8個國家共建科技園區。中非合作論壇北京峰會取得圓滿成功和豐碩成果。數字絲綢之路建設穩步推進，已與16個國家簽署合作諒解備忘錄，“絲路電商”全球布局步伐加快，與17個國家簽署合作協議。

5) The Belt and Road Initiative made new advances. 

A symposium was held to mark the fifth anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). During the symposium the BRI's future trajectory was outlined with a view to ensuring it continues building momentum and producing concrete outcomes. Focusing on key areas and key countries, we worked to build on the collective desire for cooperation and promoted the coordination of development plans. To date, a total of 171 inter-governmental cooperation documents have been signed with over 150 countries and international organizations. 

We steadily increased international industrial-capacity cooperation. The positive effect of industrial concentration in overseas economic and trade cooperation zones was much more noticeable, and third-market cooperation documents were signed with over ten countries, including France, Japan, and Singapore. There was substantial progress in key BRI projects like the China-Laos and China-Thailand rail lines and the China-UAE Industrial Park. Construction is fully underway on the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed line and making smooth progress on key port projects like Gwadar in Pakistan. We made important improvements to the quality and efficiency of the China-Europe freight train services. The services have so far registered over 13,000 trips, and have seen a 20-percentage-point increase in the number of return journeys to China. Marked progress was made in aviation connectivity among BRI countries, with the opening of 106 new air routes. 

The BRI International Science Organizations Alliance was established to promote collaboration on building technology transfer platforms between China and ASEAN, Arab states, and countries in south Asia, central Asia, and central and eastern Europe, and to co-establish science and technology parks with the Philippines, Indonesia, and six other countries. We successfully hosted the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, which produced many positive outcomes. Work on the Digital Silk Road progressed steadily with the signing of cooperation MOUs with 16 countries, and faster moves were made to promote Silk Road E-Commerce across the globe with the signing of cooperation agreements with 17 countries.

六是貿易強國建設扎實推進。首屆中國國際進口博覽會成功舉辦，向全世界宣示了我國主動開放市場、推動經濟全球化的決心。區域全面經濟伙伴關系協定談判加速推進，與新加坡簽署自貿協定升級版，與毛里求斯完成自貿協定談判，累計已與25個國家和地區達成17個自貿協定，多雙邊經貿合作進一步深化。出臺53項措施支持自貿試驗區深化改革創新，在全國范圍內復制推廣30項自貿試驗區改革試點經驗。海南全島自貿試驗區啟動建設，探索建設中國特色自由貿易港。新設一批跨境電子商務綜合試驗區，完善跨境電商零售進口監管和稅收政策，擴大市場采購貿易試點范圍，跨境電子商務、市場采購貿易等新業態新模式蓬勃發展。關稅總水平由9.8%下調至7.5%，積極擴大進口促進對外貿易平衡發展。多元化市場不斷拓展，全年貨物貿易進出口總額達30.51萬億元，增長9.7%。

6) China made solid progress in developing as a trader of quality.

We successfully hosted the first China International Import Expo, an event which has shown to the world China's determination to continue opening its market and promote economic globalization. We stepped up negotiations on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, signed an upgraded free trade agreement (FTA) with Singapore, and completed FTA negotiations with Mauritius. With this, China has further strengthened its bilateral and multilateral economic and trade cooperation, and signed a total of 17 FTAs with 25 countries and regions. 

We adopted 53 measures to deepen reform and promote innovation in pilot free trade zones, and applied 30 practices developed from trial reforms in pilot free trade zones across the country. We began work on building China (Hainan) Pilot Free Trade Zone, and carried out exploratory work on setting up free trade ports with Chinese features. We built more integrated experimental zones for cross-border e-commerce, improved retail import supervision and taxation policies on cross-border e-commerce, and expanded the scope of trials on market procurement trade. These steps have helped support the vigorous development of new forms and models of trade such as cross-border e-commerce and market procurement trade. We lowered China's overall tariff level from 9.8% to 7.5% and worked to balance China's foreign trade by actively expanding imports. The diversity of China's market grew continuously. The total value of imported and exported goods for the year stood at 30.51 trillion yuan, an increase of 9.7%.

七是利用外資環境不斷優化。全面放寬市場準入，2018年版全國和自貿試驗區兩個外資準入負面清單發布，特別管理措施分別壓減至48條、45條，金融領域對外開放穩步推進。在全國推行外資企業設立商務備案與工商登記“一口辦理”，積極推進在產業政策、科技政策、政府采購、資質許可、標準制定等方面平等對待內外資企業，開發區改革和創新發展不斷深化，外商投資環境持續優化。全年外商直接投資達1350億美元，增長3%。

7) The foreign investment environment was continuously improved. 

Restrictions on market access were relaxed across the board. Two editions of the 2018 negative list for foreign investment were published, one for the whole country and the other for pilot free trade zones. The number of special administrative measures applying in each case has been reduced to 48 and 45 respectively. Steady progress was made in opening up the financial sector. We instituted a nationwide policy of allowing foreign-invested enterprises to complete business filing procedures and business registration in one go. We took active steps to promote equal treatment of domestic and foreign enterprises in terms of industrial policy, science and technology policy, government procurement, license applications, and standards-setting. Reform and innovation-driven development in development zones were stepped up, and the business environment for foreign investors continued to improve. China attracted around US$ 135 billion in foreign direct investment over the year, an increase of 3%.

八是對外投資平穩有序發展。企業境外投資管理辦法、對外投資備案（核準）報告暫行辦法正式施行，全口徑、全過程管理不斷完善，對外投資行業結構進一步優化，主要流向租賃和商務服務業、制造業等。發布企業境外經營合規管理指引，企業合規意識有所增強。引導對外投融資基金健康發展，企業“走出去”融資渠道進一步拓寬。全年非金融類境外直接投資達到1205億美元。

8) Development of outward investment was steady and orderly. 

The Management Provisions for Outward Investment by Enterprises and the Interim Measures for Reporting on the Registration (Approval) of Outward Investment were put into force. We enhanced unified supervision over outward investment at all stages and further improved the sectorial composition of outward investments, with the bulk flowing into leasing, business services, and manufacturing. To enhance the awareness of enterprises about compliance, we published the Guide on Compliance Management for Enterprises' Overseas Operations. We provided guidance to see the sound development of outward investment and financing funds, thus expanding the channels through which enterprises can seek financing for their "go-global" efforts. Non-financial outward direct investment reached US$ 120.5 billion in 2018.

（六）大力實施鄉村振興戰略，農業農村發展新動能加快培育。鄉村振興戰略規劃（2018－2022年）出臺實施，28個省級鄉村振興戰略規劃已印發，其他省（區、市）已基本完成規劃編制工作，多規合一的村莊規劃編制部署推進，鄉村振興的制度框架和政策體系逐步建立，鄉村振興階段性重點工作全面展開。

6. We put strong focus on implementing the rural revitalization strategy and moved faster to foster new growth drivers for agricultural and rural development. 

The Strategic Plan for Rural Revitalization (2018-2022) was issued for implementation. A total of 28 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have already published complimentary plans. In addition, plans for all others have been basically completed, and work on rolling separate village development plans into one single plan has continued. The institutional framework and policy system for rural revitalization have been gradually established and all major work planned for the current stage has begun.

一是農業基礎進一步夯實。糧食總產量保持在1.3萬億斤以上。新增高效節水灌溉面積2158萬畝，新增高標準農田8000多萬畝，完成9億多畝糧食生產功能區和重要農產品生產保護區劃定任務。深入實施現代化種業提升工程，高標準建設國家南繁科研育種基地，加快推動糧油、蔬菜、水果等農作物種子種苗基地建設。172項重大水利工程累計開工133項，在建投資規模超過1萬億元。全年完成營造林2.34億畝。開展“農業質量年”行動，加快推進質量興農、綠色興農、品牌強農，主要農產品質量安全監測合格率保持在97%以上，化肥、農藥使用量均下降。

1) The foundations of agriculture grew stronger.

Total grain output exceeded 650 million metric tons. Efficient water-saving irrigation methods were newly applied to 1.44 million hectares of land. The area of high-standard cropland was increased by over 5.33 million hectares. We have established functional zones for grain production and protective areas for the production of major agricultural products on an area of over 60 million hectares. We stepped up the initiative to upgrade the modern seed industry, ensured high standards were adopted in the building of the Nanfan National Seed Breeding Base, and sped up construction on seed and seedling breeding bases for grain and oil-bearing crops, vegetables, and fruits. 

Work has begun on 133 of 172 planned major water conservancy projects, with the total investment in ongoing projects exceeding 1 trillion yuan. A total of 15.6 million hectares of land were afforested throughout the year. The Year of Agricultural Quality campaign was carried out to spur agricultural development by raising quality standards, promoting green development, and building strong brands. The percentage of major agricultural products that passed quality and safety tests remained above 97%, and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides both decreased.

二是農村一二三產業融合發展取得積極進展。認定農村產業融合發展示范園100家，啟動創建現代農業產業園62個、農業產業強鎮254個。深入實施主要農作物生產全程機械化推進行動。大力發展智慧農業，農業生產、經營、管理、服務數字化水平進一步提升。農村新產業新業態加快培育。

2) Development of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries was much more integrated in rural areas. 

A total of 100 demonstration parks for rural industry integration have so far been certified, and work started on building 62 modern agricultural industrial parks and 254 towns with agricultural strengths. We continued promoting complete mechanization of the production process for major crops. We also concentrated on developing intelligent agriculture, boosting the levels of digitization in agricultural production, operations, management, and services. New industries and new forms of business in rural areas enjoyed rapid development.

三是農業農村改革穩步推進。完善稻谷、小麥最低收購價政策制度。健全玉米和大豆市場化收購加補貼機制。農村土地征收、集體經營性建設用地入市、宅基地制度改革試點工作有序推進。宅基地和農房確權登記發證加快實施，土地承包權確權登記頒證工作基本完成，承包地已確權面積14.8億畝，超過二輪家庭承包地（賬面）面積。建立健全進城落戶農民土地承包權、宅基地使用權、集體收益分配權維護和自愿有償退出機制，在3個省、50個地市、150個縣啟動第三批農村集體產權制度改革試點。全國已有超過15萬個農村集體組織完成改革，共確認集體成員2億多人。集體林權制度改革進一步深化。

3) Agricultural and rural reforms registered steady progress. 

We made improvements to the policy on setting minimum purchase prices for wheat and rice and to the mechanism for combining market-based purchases with government subsidies for corn and soybeans. Well-planned steps were taken to push forward with trial reforms on rural land requisition, the marketization of rural collective land designated for business-related construction, and the system for rural land designated for housing. We stepped up work to determine, register, and certify rural home land rights and rural housing property rights, and basically completed the work to determine, register, and certify contracted rural land rights. Rights on 986.7 million hectares of contracted land have been certified, exceeding the cadastral area covered during the second round of household land contracting in rural areas. We have set up robust mechanisms for former rural residents who now hold urban residency to protect their rights on contracted rural land, use rights on rural land designated for housing, and rights to share in the proceeds from rural collective undertakings, as well as their entitlement to voluntarily transfer these rights in return for compensation. The third batch of trials to reform the rural collective property rights system began in 150 counties in 50 prefectures and cities and in 3 provinces. To date this reform has been completed by over 150,000 rural collectives nationwide and has involved more than 200 million people. Reform of collective forest tenure was furthered.

四是美麗宜居鄉村建設步伐加快。農村人居環境整治三年行動全面啟動。農村突出環境問題綜合治理試點示范和農村生活污水治理示范有序開展。農村生活垃圾治理覆蓋面進一步擴大，廁所革命積極推進。農村飲水安全鞏固提升工程加快實施，農村自來水普及率進一步提升。農村公路建設加快推進。農村機井通電、小城鎮中心村農網改造升級、貧困村通動力電等順利完成。開展電信普遍服務試點、“寬帶鄉村”、“百兆鄉村”示范工程，新一代信息基礎設施建設工程加快推進。農村基層綜合性文化服務中心建設有序推進。

4) Work on building a beautiful and livable countryside picked up pace. 

The three-year campaign to improve rural living environments got underway across the country. We steadily moved forward pilot demonstration programs to comprehensively address serious environmental problems and demonstrations to treat household wastewater in rural areas. The project to manage household refuse was extended to more rural areas and the Toilet Revolution was actively carried forward. We stepped up efforts to consolidate and build on the progress made in providing safe drinking water, and increased the availability of tap water in rural areas. More rural roads were built. We successfully concluded the projects to provide power to all electric pump sets on rural flatlands, to upgrade power grids in small towns and hub villages, and to provide three-phase power to poor villages. We carried out trials of providing universal telecommunications services and demonstration projects to extend broadband connectivity, and particularly to install 100M fiber optic networks in rural areas, and moved faster to build next-generation information infrastructure there. The orderly development of multipurpose cultural service centers in rural areas continued.

（七）統籌推動區域協調發展，空間發展格局更趨優化。發揮各地區比較優勢，努力縮小區域發展差距，大力推進新型城鎮化建設，區域發展的協同性、聯動性、整體性進一步增強。

7. We took holistic steps to promote coordinated regional development and saw further improvements in spatial development patterns. 

We gave play to the comparative advantages of different regions, worked on narrowing regional development disparities, and focused on promoting new urbanization. Stronger levels of coordination, connectivity, and integration were achieved in development between regions.

一是進一步促進區域協調發展。建立更加有效的區域協調發展新機制的意見出臺實施。推動西部地區進一步開發開放，新開工交通、能源等重點工程28項，總投資4825億元。東北地區營商環境建設、民營經濟發展、與東部對口合作等取得新突破，老工業城市和資源型地區轉型穩步推進，城區老工業區、獨立工礦區改造搬遷和采煤沉陷區綜合治理持續實施。先進制造業在中部地區合理布局提速，漢江、淮河生態經濟帶發展規劃以及湘南湘西承接產業轉移示范區總體方案出臺實施。東部地區新動能加快培育壯大，組織開展山東新舊動能轉換綜合試驗區建設。革命老區、民族地區、邊疆地區、貧困地區加快發展，交通、水利、能源、通信、物流等重大基礎設施建設扎實推進，對口支援深入開展，支持新疆、西藏和四省藏區經濟社會發展政策措施進一步完善。海洋經濟發展示范區啟動建設，海洋強國建設加快推進。國家級新區、臨空經濟示范區、綜合配套改革試驗區等功能平臺的示范引領作用不斷增強。沿邊重點開發開放試驗區建設穩步推進，形成了一批可復制可推廣經驗。

1) Further strides were made in promoting coordinated regional development. 

The Guidelines on Establishing More Effective New Mechanisms for Coordinated Regional Development were released. To promote further development and opening up in the western region, we launched 28 major projects in transportation, energy, and other fields with a total investment of 482.5 billion yuan. In the northeast, breakthroughs were made in improving the business environment, developing the private sector, and promoting cooperative partnerships with the eastern region; steady progress was made in the transformation of old industrial cities and resource-dependent areas; efforts were continued to rebuild or relocate old industrial districts within cities and independent industrial and mining areas and to implement comprehensive solutions in areas affected by mining-induced subsidence. In the central region, we moved faster to achieve a rational distribution of advanced manufacturing, and began to implement development plans for the Han and Huai river eco-economic belts and the general plan for industrial relocation demonstration zones in southern and western Hunan. The eastern region moved faster to foster and strengthen new growth drivers; in Shandong, work began on a comprehensive experimental zone for replacing old growth drivers with new ones. 

Old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations, border areas, and poor areas all recorded faster development, achieving solid progress in constructing major infrastructure such as transportation, water conservancy, energy, communications, and logistics facilities. We scaled up one-to-one assistance programs, and further improved economic and social policies and measures in Xinjiang, Tibet, and the Tibetan ethnic areas in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, and Qinghai provinces. 

We took faster steps toward building China into a strong maritime country, with construction beginning on demonstration zones for developing the marine economy. Many functional platforms, such as state-level new areas, airport economy demonstration zones, and experimental zones for integrated, complete reform, strengthened their ability to demonstrate and offer guidance on reform practices. Steady progress was made in the construction of experimental zones for development and opening up in major border areas, giving rise to a set of practices applicable to other areas.

二是重大區域發展戰略有力推進。以疏解北京非首都功能為“牛鼻子”，推動京津冀協同發展取得明顯進展，河北雄安新區規劃綱要、支持河北雄安新區全面深化改革和擴大開放的指導意見、河北雄安新區總體規劃（2018－2035年）出臺實施，北京城市副中心規劃建設提速，京雄城際鐵路開工建設，北京大興國際機場建設和運營籌備工作全面推進。長江經濟帶共抓大保護格局進一步鞏固，國土空間規劃編制工作啟動，“三水共治”、河湖清“四亂”專項行動扎實推進，1361座非法碼頭專項整治全面完成，長江干流斷面水質優良比例明顯提高。綜合立體交通走廊建設加快推進，沿江高鐵規劃建設、省際待貫通路段建設提速、長江深水航道建設及干線港口鐵水聯運取得積極進展。粵港澳大灣區發展規劃綱要發布實施，重點項目建設全面啟動，港珠澳大橋正式開通運營，一系列便利港澳居民在內地發展的政策舉措落地見效。支持海南全面深化改革開放的指導意見出臺實施。長江三角洲區域一體化發展規劃綱要啟動編制。

2) Strong progress was recorded in implementing major regional development strategies. 

With the focus on relieving Beijing of functions nonessential to its role as the capital, we made marked progress in promoting the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The Plan for Xiongan New Area in Hebei, the Guidelines on Supporting Xiongan New Area in Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Opening up, and the General Plan for Xiongan New Area in Hebei (2018-2035) were unveiled for implementation. We sped up the development of the administrative center of Beijing Municipality, began construction on the Beijing-Xiongan Intercity Railway, and made progress on all fronts in building Beijing Daxing International Airport and preparing for its operation. 

On the Yangtze Economic Belt, the pattern of close coordination on environmental protection was consolidated. We began formulating a territorial space plan, and made solid progress in employing the three-fold approach of controlling water pollution, restoring water ecosystems, and conserving water resources and in addressing four kinds of behaviors detrimental to environmental protection on rivers and lakes. Rectification work was completed on 1,361 illegal wharves, and the cross-section water quality of the main stream of the Yangtze River improved significantly. Work on the integrated multidimensional transportation corridor was stepped up. We made good progress in planning and building a high-speed railway along the Yangtze River, accelerating work on the unfinished sections of inter-provincial expressways, constructing a deepwater channel on the Yangtze, and installing combined rail-water transportation facilities at ports along its main channel. 

We unveiled the Development Plan for Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and initiated major construction projects across the board. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge was officially opened to traffic. Policies and measures to make it easier for Hong Kong and Macao residents to pursue development on the mainland came into effect and are producing positive results. 

We implemented the Guidelines on Supporting Hainan in Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Opening Up. Work began on drawing up a plan for integrated regional development of the Yangtze River Delta.

三是新型城鎮化質量有效提升。農業轉移人口進城落戶更加便捷，大中城市落戶政策持續放寬，居住證制度全覆蓋目標基本實現，全國常住人口城鎮化率達59.58%，戶籍人口城鎮化率達43.37%，比上年末分別提高1.06個百分點和1.02個百分點。一批跨省（區、市）城市群規劃出臺實施，各地城市群建設全面推進，現代化都市圈加快培育發展。

3) The quality of new urbanization was enhanced. 

Rural household registration holders living in urban areas can now obtain permanent urban residency with greater ease. Permanent residency policies continued to be loosened in large and medium-sized cities, and the residence card system was basically implemented in all cities. The percentage of permanent urban residents reached 59.58%, while the percentage of registered urban residents reached 43.37%, 1.06 and 1.02 percentage points above the figures at year-end 2017 respectively. A group of plans for trans-provincial city clusters were published, city clusters throughout the country showed strong development, and modern metropolitan areas grew rapidly.

（八）著力保障和改善民生，發展成果更多更公平惠及人民群眾。堅持以人民為中心的發展思想，緊緊圍繞人民群眾普遍關心的突出問題，推動一大批惠民舉措落細落實。

8. We focused on ensuring and improving the people's wellbeing and saw they enjoyed more of the fruits of development in a fairer way.

Upholding our vision of people-centered development, we pushed for detailed and effective implementation of a whole raft of initiatives aimed at benefiting the people and addressing prominent problems of public concern.

一是穩定就業有序推進。做好當前和今后一個時期促進就業工作的若干意見、推行終身職業技能培訓制度的意見出臺實施。公共就業創業服務持續加強，援企穩崗力度加大，支持農民工等人員返鄉創業試點工作持續推進。高校畢業生就業創業促進計劃等深入實施。制定出臺推進全方位公共就業服務指導意見，“互聯網+公共就業服務”全面推進。人力資源市場暫行條例發布實施，人力資源市場體系逐步健全。

1) Well-planned steps were taken to keep employment stable. 

The Guidelines on Promoting Employment for the Present and Coming Period and the Guidelines on Implementing the Life-Long Vocational Skills Training System were promulgated. We enhanced public employment and business startup services, stepped up support for enterprises to keep employment stable, and continued the pilot projects to support rural migrant workers and others returning home to set up businesses. Programs to guide college graduates in finding jobs and starting businesses also continued. We formulated and unveiled the Guidelines on Providing Extensive Public Employment Services, and made impressive strides in instituting the Internet Plus Public Employment Services model. We introduced the Provisional Regulations on Human Resource Markets, thus opening the way for the gradual establishment of a robust HR market system.

二是社會保障制度日益完善。企業職工基本養老保險基金中央調劑制度正式實施，城鄉居民基本養老保險待遇確定和基礎養老金正常調整機制建立。統一社保費征收管理機構工作穩步推進，社保費征收管理制度進一步規范。整合城鄉居民基本醫療保險制度持續推進。養老保險覆蓋人數已超過9.42億人，基本醫療保險覆蓋人數已超過13.44億人。國家跨省異地就醫結算平臺進一步完善，跨省定點醫療機構實現縣級行政區全覆蓋，外出農民工、外來就業創業人員全部納入覆蓋范圍，異地就醫直接結算累計達152.6萬人次。生育保險與職工醫保合并實施試點穩步推進。失業保險“保生活、防失業、促就業”功能不斷完善。農民工參加工傷保險政策進一步健全。低保制度不斷完善，城鄉低保實現全覆蓋且保障水平持續提高。退役士兵就業安置進一步加強，帶病回鄉退伍軍人、參戰參試退役人員等優撫對象生活補助標準提高。社會福利服務體系建設加強，社會救助綜合改革試點有序開展。城鎮保障性安居工程建設扎實推進，城鎮棚戶區住房改造開工達626萬套，公租房新增分配100萬套，大中城市住房租賃市場加快培育。農村危房改造190萬戶。

2) Improvements were made to the social security system on a continuing basis. 

The central regulation system for enterprise employees' basic old-age insurance funds formally came into operation. Mechanisms were established to set standards on benefits for rural and non-working urban residents under the basic old-age insurance scheme and to allow for regular adjustment of their basic pension benefits. Steady strides were made in bringing the tasks of collecting and managing social insurance premiums under the remit of a single agency, and regulation in this area was further improved. We continued to make progress in aligning basic medical insurance schemes for rural residents and non-working urban residents. In total, more than 942 million people are now covered by basic old-age insurance schemes, and over 1.344 billion people are covered by basic medical insurance plans. 

We improved the national platform for trans-provincial settlement of medical bills through basic medical insurance accounts. We have ensured there are hospitals designated for trans-provincial settlement in all county-level administrative areas, and have seen that rural migrant workers and other workers and business owners without local residency have been incorporated into the platform. The total number of trans-provincial on-the-spot settlements has reached 1.526 million. 

Smooth progress was made in the pilot program in integrating maternity insurance and basic medical insurance for urban workers. Unemployment insurance functioned more effectively in terms of ensuring basic living standards, preventing job losses, and promoting employment. Improvements were made to the policies regarding rural migrant workers' participation in workers' compensation schemes. The subsistence allowance system continued to improve as we achieved full coverage for urban and rural residents and ensured continuous improvements in allowance standards. 

More was done to assist demobilized military personnel in finding employment, and living allowances were raised for demobilized personnel with illness, for war and nuclear-test veterans, and for other entitled groups. The social welfare services system was strengthened, and trials for integrated reforms in social assistance were pushed forward. Steady progress was made in the construction of government-subsidized housing in urban areas, and renovations began on 6.26 million units of housing in run-down urban areas, and an additional 1 million units of public-rented housing were allocated. The housing rental market developed rapidly in large and medium-sized cities. A total of 1.9 million dilapidated houses in rural areas were renovated.

三是基本公共服務標準體系加快構建。建立健全基本公共服務標準體系的指導意見出臺實施，基本公共服務省級清單實現全覆蓋。教育現代化推進、全民健康保障、文化旅游提升、公共體育普及、社會服務兜底五大公共服務工程大力推進。九年義務教育鞏固率達94.2%，高中階段教育毛入學率達88.8%，財政性教育經費支出占國內生產總值比例繼續超過4%。“互聯網+醫療健康”快速發展，公立醫院綜合改革繼續深化，國家基本藥物制度進一步完善，藥品集中采購和使用試點穩妥推進，境外上市新藥審評審批加快，進口抗癌藥全部實現零關稅，17種抗癌藥大幅降價并納入醫保報銷目錄，疫苗藥品安全問題加快解決。每千人口醫療衛生機構床位數預計達6.05張。加強文物保護利用改革的若干意見印發實施，各類遺產資源保護狀態得到有效改善。大運河文化保護傳承利用規劃綱要編制完成。公共文化設施免費開放工作持續開展，百萬公里健身步道工程實施方案出臺，新增體育場地8.2萬個。社會兜底保障加強，困難殘疾人生活補貼制度惠及940萬人，1164萬重度殘疾人享受護理補貼。孤兒保障制度惠及39.8萬孤兒，為全國殘疾孤兒實施醫療康復。持續開展孕期優生優育服務，婦女關愛服務體系不斷健全。公共法律服務體系繼續完善。全年出生人口1523萬人，年末總人口達13.95億人，人口自然增長率為3.81‰。

3) Development of a system of standards for basic public services progressed quickly. 

The Guidelines on Establishing a Sound System of Standards for Basic Public Services were unveiled, and all provincial-level governments released basic public service lists. Strong progress was made in the five major public service categories of modernizing education, ensuring a healthy population, elevating culture and tourism, promoting fitness among the public, and providing social services for groups that are most in need. 

The retention rate of nine-year compulsory education hit 94.2%, and the gross enrollment ratio for senior secondary education reached 88.8%. Government spending on education as a percentage of GDP remained above 4%. 

We made rapid progress in developing the Internet Plus Medical and Healthcare model, and stepped up the comprehensive public hospital reform. The national system of essential medicines was improved. Trials for centralizing the procurement and use of medicines made steady progress, and the time it takes to assess and approve new drugs coming into the Chinese market was cut. A zero-tariff policy was applied to all imported cancer treatment drugs, while 17 types of cancer treatment drugs were made available at much lower prices and their costs can now be reimbursed through medical insurance. More measures were quickly taken to address problems pertaining to the safety of vaccines and medicines. The number of beds in medical and healthcare institutions is predicted to have reached 6.05 per 1,000 people. 

The Guidelines on the Reform to Better Protect Cultural Relics and Put Them to Better Use were published, and the protection for cultural heritage of all types markedly improved. The Plan for Protecting, Passing On, and Utilizing Grand Canal Culture was drawn up. We continued working to offer free access to more public cultural facilities, unveiled an implementation plan for the initiative to build one million kilometers of fitness walkways, and opened 82,000 new sports venues. 

We strengthened social security programs to meet basic needs. A total of 9.4 million people with disabilities facing financial difficulties received living allowances, and 11.64 million people with serious disabilities received nursing care subsidies. Around 398,000 children benefited from the subsistence allowance system for orphans, and medical rehabilitation services were provided to orphaned children with disabilities around the country. Better pre- and post-natal care services were ensured, and the support and care system for women was improved. The public legal service system also continued to improve. A total of 15.23 million babies were born in 2018, bringing the total population at year end to 1.395 billion. The natural population growth rate was 3.81‰.

總的來看，2018年經濟社會發展主要目標任務較好完成，三大攻堅戰開局良好，供給側結構性改革深入推進，改革開放力度加大，人民生活持續改善，保持了經濟平穩健康發展和社會大局穩定，朝著實現全面建成小康社會的目標邁出了新的步伐。在極為錯綜復雜的國內外形勢下，我國經濟社會發展取得這樣的成績來之不易，需要倍加珍惜。這是以習近平同志為核心的黨中央舉旗定向、謀篇布局、堅強領導的結果，是習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想全面引領、科學指導、成功實踐的結果，是全黨全國各族人民團結一心、砥礪前行、真抓實干的結果。

Overall, the main targets and tasks in economic and social development for 2018 were well accomplished. We got off to a good start in the critical battles against potential risk, poverty, and pollution, continued driving forward supply-side structural reform, and elevated the intensity of reform and opening up. Living standards continued rising; economic development was kept on a stable, sound track; overall social stability was maintained, and we took fresh strides toward completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. 

Given the extreme complexity of the domestic and international contexts, these achievements were not easily attained, and it is important to fully recognize their value. They are the result of the guiding principles and strategies, well-crafted plans and arrangements, and strong leadership provided by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core; the result of the overall vision, sound guidance, and successful practices offered by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; and the result of the strong unity, firmness of purpose, and pragmatic and persistent efforts of the Party and the Chinese people of all ethnic groups.

從2018年經濟社會發展情況看，經濟增長、就業、價格總水平、國際收支平衡等主要指標保持在合理區間，創新驅動、資源節約、生態保護、社會保障等反映高質量發展的指標進一步改善，19個約束性指標中，18個指標完成全年目標，萬元國內生產總值用水量下降指標完成情況與全年目標存在差距。該指標2018年計劃目標為下降5.2%，初步統計數為下降5.1%，低于計劃目標0.1個百分點。主要原因是，2018年全國降水量下降使得地表水資源總量減少約800億立方米，部分地區受干旱影響，農業從河流抽取的灌溉用水量增加；南水北調工程向華北地區進行生態補水，全國生態用水量較2017年有較大增加，綜合因素使得萬元國內生產總值用水量降幅低于全年目標0.1個百分點。

From an economic and social development standpoint, the major indicators, such as economic growth, employment, the CPI, and the balance of payments, all remained within an appropriate range in 2018, while there were further improvements for indicators that reflect the quality of development, such as innovation capacity, resource conservation, environmental protection, and social security. 

Of the 19 indicators with obligatory annual targets, 18 met their targets, while there was a discrepancy between the projected target for water consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP and the actual performance. The target for 2018 was a 5.2% decrease; however, according to preliminary statistics, the actual decrease was 5.1%, 0.1 percentage point lower than the targeted figure. The main reasons for this are as follows: Due to a drop in annual precipitation in 2018, China's total surface water resources decreased by 80 billion cubic meters, and more water was drawn from rivers used for agricultural irrigation in some drought-affected regions. As water ecosystems in northern China were replenished with water from the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, China's water consumption for ecological purposes increased significantly compared with 2017. All these factors resulted in the above 0.1-percentage-point discrepancy.

46個預期性指標中，44個指標運行情況符合或好于年度預期目標，但社會融資規模存量增長率和城鎮居民人均可支配收入指標實際運行值與預期值存在一定差距。關于社會融資規模存量增長率，該指標2018年預期目標為“與2017年實際增速基本持平”，2017年末社會融資規模存量增長13.4%，2018年末實際增長9.8%，與預期目標存在一定差距。為了給供給側結構性改革營造適宜的貨幣金融環境，在對實體經濟提供穩定融資支持的同時，主動采取了規范地方政府隱性債務以及合理控制投向房地產、環評不達標企業、產能過剩等領域的資金和抑制資金脫實向虛、減少資金空轉等措施，社會融資規模存量增長率雖低于預期目標，但與名義GDP增長基本匹配。關于城鎮居民人均可支配收入增速，該指標2018年預期目標為“與經濟增長基本同步”，2018年GDP增長6.6%，城鎮居民人均可支配收入實際增長5.6%，與預期目標存在一定差距。主要是受經濟下行壓力加大、實體經濟特別是小微企業困難增多、部分行業企業利潤有所下滑等影響，工資性收入等增長放緩，使得全國城鎮居民人均可支配收入增速低于預期目標。

Out of the 46 indicators with anticipatory targets, 44 either met or surpassed targets. The actual growth of aggregate financing in the economy and per capita disposable income of urban residents fell somewhat short of the targets. 

The growth of aggregate financing for 2018 was targeted to be roughly in line with the previous year's actual growth rate. With growth in real terms of 13.4% at the end of 2017, the 9.8% figure at the end of 2018 was short of expectations. The reasons for this are as follows: To create a favorable monetary and financial environment for supply-side structural reform, we took measures to regulate the hidden debts of local governments and to appropriately control the flow of funds to the real estate sector, to enterprises that failed environmental impact assessments, and to industries with overcapacity. We also sought to prevent funds from being diverted out of the real economy and from circulating solely within the financial sector. At the same time, we continued ensuring stable financing support for the real economy. The growth of aggregate financing for the year fell short of the anticipatory target, but it was still basically in keeping with GDP growth in nominal terms.

Urban per capita disposable income in 2018 was targeted to stay largely in step with economic growth. GDP growth in 2018 was 6.6%, and urban per capita disposable income increased by 5.6% in real terms, lower than the anticipatory target. This can be attributed to the increasing downward pressure on the economy, more difficulties in the real economy, especially for small and micro enterprises, a decline in the profits of enterprises in some sectors, and slower growth of salary-based incomes. 

同時，我們也清醒認識到，經濟運行總體平穩、穩中有進，但穩中有變、變中有憂。從國際形勢看，世界大變局加速深刻演變，全球動蕩源和風險點增多，我國外部環境復雜嚴峻。世界經濟雖有望延續復蘇態勢，但保護主義、單邊主義加劇，主要發達經濟體貨幣政策調整的外溢效應持續顯現，部分新興經濟體面臨的風險增多，國際大宗商品價格波動加劇，地緣政治風險累積發酵，全球經濟貿易增速趨緩。從國內形勢看，一是經濟面臨下行壓力。內需增長放緩，基礎設施、制造業、房地產開發等領域投資保持平穩增長的難度加大。受居民增收困難較多、汽車等傳統消費放緩等因素影響，消費穩定增長面臨挑戰。二是農業農村基礎仍然薄弱。農業科技水平仍待提升，農村基本公共服務供給和基礎設施建設仍然滯后，農民增收渠道有待拓寬。三是實體經濟面臨困難增多。民營企業特別是小微企業融資難融資貴問題尚未有效解決，存在對民營企業惜貸壓貸甚至直接抽貸斷貸的現象，能源、原材料、人工、用地等成本較高，企業盈利空間受到擠壓。營商環境有待進一步優化，公平競爭的市場機制尚不完善，產權和知識產權保護仍不充分，親清新型政商關系仍不健全。四是高質量發展的短板制約仍待突破。重大原創性科技成果不多，一些關鍵核心技術受制于人，科技成果轉化效率不高。產業結構還需進一步優化，發展新動能仍然不足。部分地區能源資源約束趨緊，生態環境問題依然突出。五是區域分化態勢仍在持續。中西部一些地區結構調整難度較大，一些地區要素吸引力較弱，人才等優質要素資源外流比較嚴重，發展困難可能會增加。六是重點領域風險壓力較大。外部環境不確定性可能通過貿易、跨境資本流動、大宗商品市場等渠道，加大我國輸入性風險，國內股市、債市、匯市、互聯網金融和房地產的風險隱患不容忽視。七是社會民生領域還存在不少問題挑戰。部分省份就業結構性矛盾顯現，居民持續增收制約因素增多，教育、醫療、養老等公共服務供給不足，人口老齡化程度不斷加深。同時，我們在工作中還存在一些不足，有的政策制定的前瞻性、針對性、有效性還不夠，沒有充分考慮企業的適應程度問題；有的政策部門間統籌協調有待加強，有的改革舉措和政策落實效果不彰，有的專項規劃和項目建設需要及時啟動；有的地方在政策執行過程中存在簡單化、“一刀切”的問題。

Recognizing our achievements, we are also keenly aware that although the performance of the economy is stable and improving, this stability is punctuated by changes, some of which give cause for concern. 

From an international standpoint, we are facing major changes that are deepening and evolving at a faster pace, and the sources of disruption and risk are increasing. These factors make for a complicated and grave external environment for China. Continued recovery of the global economy can be expected. But protectionism and unilateralism are intensifying, the spillover effects of monetary policy adjustments by major developed economies are becoming more evident, and some emerging economies are facing greater risks. The prices of major commodities are fluctuating sharply, geopolitical risks are building, and world economic and trade growth are slackening. 

Domestically, there are also unfavorable factors. First, China's economy still faces downward pressure. Slowing domestic demand growth is making it harder to sustain steady investment growth in the three major areas of infrastructure, manufacturing, and real estate development. We also face challenges in ensuring steady growth in consumer spending due to the many difficulties in increasing personal income, and softer growth in traditional forms of consumption like purchases of automobiles. 

Second, the foundation of agriculture and rural infrastructure remain weak. The level of agricultural technologies needs to be improved, basic public services and infrastructure construction lag behind in rural areas, and broader channels need to be developed for rural residents to increase their incomes. 

Third, the real economy faces mounting difficulties. Private companies are still finding it both tough and expensive to access financing, particularly small and micro companies. There is also some reluctance to lend to private companies and there are cases of loans being withheld, withdrawn, or cancelled. Enterprise profits are being squeezed by the rising costs of energy, raw materials, labor, and land use. The business environment requires further improvement. Flaws still exist in the market mechanisms for ensuring fair competition, more protection is needed for property and intellectual property rights, and there is still work to be done in building a new type of cordial and clean relationship between government and business. 

Fourth, points of weakness affecting high-quality development need to be addressed. We produce a low number of major original scientific and technological outputs, rely too much on others for key and core technologies in certain fields, and perform poorly in putting scientific and technological achievements into practical application. Our industrial structure needs further improvement, and stronger growth drivers need to be fostered. In certain localities, energy and resource constraints are tightening and ecological and environmental problems are still grave. 

Fifth, regional disparities continue to grow. Some localities in the central and western regions face grave difficulties in making structural adjustments, while other areas do not hold enough appeal to keep factors of production, leading to a serious outflow of talent and other high-quality factors. These issues have the potential to exacerbate the development problems of these areas. 

Sixth, potential risks in key areas are grave. External uncertainties have the potential to intensify the inflow of risks into China through trade, cross-border capital flows, and commodity markets. Meanwhile, risks at home in the stock, bond, and foreign exchange markets, in internet finance, and in real estate cannot be overlooked. 

Seventh, there are many problems and challenges affecting the people's wellbeing. Structural employment problems have emerged in some provinces, and the factors hindering personal income growth are increasing. There is insufficient supply in education, healthcare, elderly, and other public services, and the problem of population aging is becoming more serious. 

Shortcomings can also be identified in our own work. Some of our policies are not as forward-looking, targeted, or effective as they need to be, and they fail to fully take into account the adjustments they impose on enterprises. Coordination between some government departments needs to be strengthened to ensure effective implementation of reform measures and policies and to see that special plans and projects are launched promptly. And some localities tend to implement policies in an oversimplified or one-size-fits-all fashion. 

對上述問題，我們將高度重視，既要增強憂患意識、堅持底線思維，抓住主要矛盾，有針對性地加以解決，有效防范各類風險連鎖聯動、疊加傳導；又要緊扣社會主要矛盾的變化，全面用好我國發展的重要戰略機遇期，保持戰略定力、堅定必勝信心，化挑戰為機遇、變壓力為動力，加快推動經濟高質量發展。

These are issues that we must take very seriously. In responding to them, we will raise our awareness of potential dangers, remain mindful of worst-case scenarios, focus on prominent problems, and take targeted measures that deliver solutions and effectively prevent risks from coalescing into chain reactions and causing ripple effects. We will respond to the change in the principal contradiction in Chinese society and take full advantage of the important period of strategic opportunity for China's development. We will maintain strategic focus, firm up our confidence of success, and turn challenges into opportunities and pressure into motivation, in order to spur high-quality economic development.

二、2019年經濟社會發展總體要求、主要目標和政策取向

II. General Requirements, Main Targets, and Policy Direction for Economic and Social Development in 2019

2019年是新中國成立70周年，是全面建成小康社會、實現第一個百年奮斗目標的關鍵之年，做好經濟社會發展工作至關重要。

The year 2019 marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and it is a crucial year for bringing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects to a successful completion and thus realizing our first Centenary Goal. Therefore it is of great importance that we accomplish all economic and social development work for the year.

（一）總體要求。

1. General Requirements 

2019年，要在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導，全面貫徹黨的十九大和十九屆二中、三中全會精神，統籌推進“五位一體”總體布局，協調推進“四個全面”戰略布局，堅持穩中求進工作總基調，堅持新發展理念，堅持推動高質量發展，堅持以供給側結構性改革為主線，堅持深化市場化改革、擴大高水平開放，加快建設現代化經濟體系，繼續打好三大攻堅戰，著力激發微觀主體活力，創新和完善宏觀調控，統籌推進穩增長、促改革、調結構、惠民生、防風險、保穩定工作，保持經濟運行在合理區間，進一步穩就業、穩金融、穩外貿、穩外資、穩投資、穩預期，提振市場信心，增強人民群眾獲得感、幸福感、安全感，保持經濟持續健康發展和社會大局穩定，為全面建成小康社會收官打下決定性基礎，以優異成績慶祝中華人民共和國成立70周年。

In 2019, we must follow the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core and the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. We must fully implement the guiding principles from the 19th CPC National Congress and the second and third plenary sessions of the 19th Party Central Committee, and coordinate efforts to pursue the five-sphere integrated plan and the four-pronged comprehensive strategy. 

We must stay committed to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, to the new development philosophy, and to promoting high-quality development. Keeping supply-side structural reform as our main task, we must deepen market-based reforms, expand high-standard opening up, and speed up our efforts to develop a modernized economy. 

We need to ensure continued success in the critical battles against potential risk, poverty, and pollution and, with strong moves, unlock the vitality of our micro entities. We need to develop new and improved approaches to macro regulation, and take coordinated steps to achieve steady growth, advance reform, make structural adjustments, improve living standards, guard against risk, and ensure stability. We must keep major economic indicators within an appropriate range and work to ensure stability in employment, financial operations, foreign trade, foreign investment, domestic investment, and expectations. 

We need to bolster market confidence, see that our people feel more satisfied, happier, and more secure, and ensure sustained, healthy economic development and overall social stability. In meeting these requirements, we will lay a decisive foundation for completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and celebrate the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China with outstanding achievements.

在具體工作中，必須牢牢把握中央經濟工作會議精神，深刻把握重要戰略機遇新內涵，切實做到“五個堅定不移”。一是堅定不移以供給側結構性改革為主線。更多采取改革的辦法，更多運用市場化、法治化手段，在“鞏固、增強、提升、暢通”八個字上下功夫，著力提高供給體系質量。二是堅定不移推動高質量發展。有效發揮高質量發展指標體系的導向作用，加快建設現代化經濟體系，加大實施創新驅動發展戰略力度，深入推進軍民融合發展，扎扎實實抓好政策落實，久久為功增強發展韌性。三是堅定不移促進形成強大國內市場。緊扣社會主要矛盾變化，通過扎實推進高質量發展、深化供給側結構性改革，不斷釋放和滿足國內市場需求，促進提升中長期發展潛力，推動經濟持續健康發展。四是堅定不移打好三大攻堅戰。著眼全面建成小康社會全局目標，堅持底線思維，抓住主要矛盾，精準施策，攻堅克難，確保如期完成任務，切實增強群眾獲得感。五是堅定不移深化市場化改革擴大高水平開放。制定出臺實施一批既利當前、更利長遠的改革開放舉措，大力增強市場主體活力，充分調動社會各方面積極性、主動性、創造性。

In undertaking specific work, we must keep firmly in mind the guiding principles from the Central Economic Work Conference, grasp the significance of the current important period of strategic opportunity, and remain committed to the following five missions: 

First, pursuing supply-side structural reform as our main task. We need to implement more reforms and employ more approaches consistent with market principles and the rule of law. We must work hard to consolidate the gains made in the five priority tasks, to strengthen the dynamism of micro entities, to upgrade industrial chains, and to ensure unimpeded flows in the economy. These efforts would help boost the quality of our supply systems. 

Second, promoting high-quality development. We should employ a complete set of indicators to provide guidance on high-quality development, move faster to develop a modernized economy, step up implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, and extensively promote military-civilian integration. We will take concrete steps to ensure policies get implemented, and commit to persistent efforts to boost the resilience of development. 

Third, developing a strong domestic market. Responding to the change in the principal contradiction facing Chinese society, we should strive for strong progress in high-quality development and deepen supply-side structural reform to keep unlocking and meeting demand in the domestic market. We also need to increase the potential for development over the medium- and long-term to promote healthy and sustainable economic development.

Fourth, fighting the battles against potential risk, poverty, and pollution. Staying focused on the overall objective of finishing building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, we need to be prepared for worst-case scenarios, identify key problems, adopt targeted policies, and tackle major difficulties to ensure all tasks are accomplished on schedule and bring a stronger sense of fulfillment to our people. 

Fifth, furthering market-based reforms and expanding high-standard opening up. We need to devise a series of reform and opening up measures that are good for the near term and even better in the long run. We need to work on boosting the vitality of market entities and give full play to the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of all sectors of society.

同時，著力把握好三個關系。一是統籌好國內與國際的關系，既重視應對外部變化，更注重立足國內發展，敢于應對挑戰，善于化危為機，著力辦好自己的事，穩妥有序解決好國內長期積累的體制性結構性矛盾；二是平衡好穩增長與防風險的關系，在穩定經濟增長、推動高質量發展中應對挑戰、化解風險，繼續保持宏觀政策的連續性穩定性，把握好防風險的節奏和力度，避免形成不利于穩預期、穩增長、調結構的疊加效應，確保經濟運行在合理區間；三是處理好政府與市場的關系，更多運用改革創新的辦法發揮市場在資源配置中的決定性作用，更好發揮政府作用，增強宏觀政策的穩定性、有效性，進一步激發微觀主體活力、增強內生動力。

While fulfilling the above missions, we also need to properly balance the following three relationships. 

The first relationship is that between domestic and international imperatives. We should put a strong emphasis on responding to changes in the external environment, but more importantly, we need to focus on domestic development. We need to face challenges squarely, skillfully turn risks into opportunities, and put our own house in order by solving longstanding institutional and structural problems in a prudent and systematic fashion. The second is that between maintaining steady growth and preventing risks. We need to address challenges and defuse risks while working to keep growth steady and promote high-quality development. We need to maintain the continuity and stability of our macro policies, keep the right pace and intensity in preventing risks, and avoid the building of cumulative effects that are detrimental to keeping expectations stable, maintaining steady growth, and making structural adjustments, to ensure the economy operates within an appropriate range. The third is that between the government and the market. We need to make more use of reform and innovation to ensure the market plays the decisive role in allocating resources and the government better fulfills its role. While keeping macro policies more stable and effective, we need to further energize micro entities and boost the internal forces driving economic growth.

（二）主要預期目標。

2. Main Targets 

按照上述總體要求和工作思路，綜合考慮需要和可能，提出2019年經濟社會發展主要預期目標：

Keeping in mind the above general requirements and considerations, we have set the following targets for economic and social development for 2019 on the basis of what is necessary and what is possible.

——經濟增長保持在合理區間。國內生產總值增長預期目標為6%－6.5%。主要考慮：一是充分估計經濟運行中的不穩定不確定因素，按照實事求是的原則，適當調整經濟增長預期目標。同時，考慮到經濟增速的季節波動，采用區間式預期目標增加彈性。二是保持合理的經濟增長速度，目的是滿足新增就業的需要，并為推動高質量發展、深化供給側結構性改革、打好三大攻堅戰提供必要的宏觀環境，有利于穩定市場預期。三是這一預期目標與當前我國經濟增長潛力相符，與今年一、二、三次產業增長預期目標相匹配，三次產業穩定增長可以為經濟保持中高速增長提供有力支撐。

Economic growth within an appropriate range

The projected target for GDP growth is 6%-6.5%. In making this projection, we have taken the following into account. First, taking a pragmatic approach, we have made a moderate adjustment to our projection on the basis of a thorough assessment of destabilizing factors and uncertainties affecting the economic performance. Further, taking account of seasonal fluctuations in economic growth, we have adopted a range-based projection to increase elasticity. Second, we need to maintain an appropriate pace of growth to meet the needs for job creation and provide the necessary macro environment for promoting high-quality development, advancing supply-side structural reform, and progressing the three critical battles. This projection also helps keep market expectations stable. Third, this target is consistent with the growth potential of the Chinese economy at present as well as our growth forecasts for the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. Steady increases in all three industries would ensure a strong underpinning for a medium-high growth rate.

——經濟發展質量和效益不斷提升。著力鞏固“三去一降一補”成果，宏觀杠桿率基本穩定，財政金融風險有效防控；全員勞動生產率增長6.3%，科技進步貢獻率達到59.2%，研究與試驗發展經費投入強度達到2.2%；全國常住人口城鎮化率達到60.6%，戶籍人口城鎮化率達到44.4%；生態環境進一步改善，細顆粒物（PM2.5）未達標地級及以上城市濃度下降2%，單位國內生產總值能耗降低3%左右，單位國內生產總值二氧化碳排放量下降3.6%左右，主要污染物排放量繼續下降；城鄉居民收入增長與經濟增長基本同步，社會保障覆蓋面進一步擴大，教育、衛生、文化、養老等基本公共服務均等化水平進一步提高。更加重視這些反映質量、效益和結構的指標，主要考慮是堅持新發展理念，堅持以人民為中心的發展思想，按照質量第一、效益優先的原則，更好體現高質量發展在供給、需求、投入產出、分配、宏觀經濟循環等方面的特征，不斷提高人民群眾的獲得感和幸福感。

Consistent improvements in the quality and effect of development

We will work hard to build on the progress made in the five priority tasks and keep the macro leverage ratio basically stable and fiscal and financial risks under control. We have set the following targets: Per capita labor productivity will grow by 6.3%, the contribution of scientific and technological advances to economic growth will reach 59.2%, and R&D spending as a percentage of GDP will rise to 2.2%. The urban population will account for 60.6% of the total as measured by permanent urban residents and 44.4% as measured by registered urban residents. 

The environment will see further improvements. PM2.5 concentrations will drop by 2% in cities at and above prefecture level that fell short of the national PM2.5 standards, energy consumption per unit of GDP will decrease by about 3%, carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will fall by about 3.6%, and emissions of major pollutants will continue to decline. Increases in urban and rural personal income will be basically on par with economic growth, the social safety net will cover more people, and access to educational, health, cultural, elderly care, and other basic public services will be made more equitable. 

In giving greater weight to these indicators, which reflect the quality and effect of growth and the structural adjustments of the economy, we want to primarily ensure that we are acting on the new development philosophy, putting the vision of people-centered development into practice, and following the principle of giving priority to the quality and effect of growth. These steps will ensure high-quality development is more evident in areas like supply and demand, inputs and outputs, income distribution, and the macroeconomic cycle, and that people enjoy a stronger sense of satisfaction and happiness.

——就業形勢總體穩定。城鎮新增就業預期目標為1100萬人以上；全國城鎮調查失業率和城鎮登記失業率預期目標分別為5.5%左右和4.5%以內。關于城鎮新增就業總量：既包含了2019年新成長勞動力在城鎮的就業需求，也為去產能職工安置、失業人員再就業、農村勞動力轉移就業留有一定空間。從經濟基本面和經濟增長對就業的吸納能力看，6%－6.5%的經濟增速能夠實現新增就業崗位目標。關于失業率：將全國城鎮調查失業率控制在5.5%左右，主要是考慮到進出口國際經濟環境不確定影響和高校畢業生增加等因素，較好體現穩就業的決心以及實施就業優先、強化就業保障的政策導向。從全國城鎮登記失業率看，近年來一直保持在4%左右，按4.5%以內考慮，主要是考慮到數據的季節性波動，適當留有余地。同時，從全年來看，爭取更好結果，把失業率控制在相對較低水平。

Overall stability in employment

This year's target for urban job creation is above 11 million, and the targets for the survey-based and registered urban unemployment rates are about 5.5% and below 4.5%, respectively. The target for urban job creation takes into account new entrants to the workforce in 2019, and allows leeway for arrangements to be made for workers displaced due to overcapacity cuts, workers returning to the workforce after unemployment, and rural residents moving into nonfarm jobs. Given our economic fundamentals and the capacity of economic growth to create jobs, GDP growth of 6%-6.5% should enable us to achieve this year's employment target. Regarding the jobless rate, the survey-based target of about 5.5% takes account of the impact of uncertainties in the international economic environment on imports and exports and the increase in the number of college graduates this year. This target is also a reflection of our determination to keep employment stable and our policy orientation toward prioritizing employment and bolstering job security. The registered urban unemployment rate has held steady around 4% in recent years. In setting the target at below 4.5% this year, we have made allowances for seasonal data fluctuations. However, we will strive for better results over the year to keep the jobless rate at a relatively low level.

——價格總水平基本穩定。居民消費價格漲幅預期目標為3%左右。主要考慮：從翹尾因素看，2019年居民消費價格中的翹尾因素約為0.7個百分點。從新漲價因素看，受非洲豬瘟疫情等影響，一些食品價格可能上漲；服務價格可能保持漲勢，進口大宗商品價格上行的可能性依然存在。

Basic stability in the overall level of prices

The CPI is projected to rise by about 3%. This target takes the following into account. The carryover effect from last year's CPI increase is expected to be 0.7 percentage point. Under the influence of new factors, such as African swine fever, food prices may rise; the upward trend in service prices may persist, and the possibility of rising prices for imported commodities also remains.

——國際收支保持基本平衡。進出口穩中提質。主要考慮：從必要性看，在風險挑戰增多情況下，保持國際收支基本平衡和合理規模外匯儲備，有利于穩定經濟金融和市場預期。從可行性看，2019年全球經濟貿易增長態勢仍有望延續，我國將舉辦第二屆“一帶一路”國際合作高峰論壇和第二屆中國國際進口博覽會，都有利于進出口穩定增長。同時，考慮到單邊主義、貿易保護主義對我國進出口的影響，特別是中美經貿摩擦的不確定性因素，要在穩定外貿基本盤的前提下，促進貿易結構優化、質量提升。

A basic equilibrium in the balance of payments

For imports and exports, we have set a target of ensuring stability while improving quality. This target takes the following into consideration. In terms of what is necessary, as risks and challenges increase, a basic equilibrium in the balance of payments and a reasonable level of foreign exchange reserves will help ensure economic and financial stability and keep market expectations stable. In terms of what is possible, we believe that the predicted continuation of global economic and trade growth and China's hosting of the second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation and the second China International Import Expo can help achieve a steady increase in imports and exports. We will also promote improvements in the composition and quality of trade, under the condition that the overall state of foreign trade remains stable and with consideration to the impact of unilateralism and trade protectionism on China's imports and exports, particularly the uncertainties arising from economic and trade frictions between China and the United States.

（三）主要政策取向。

3. Main Policy Direction 

宏觀政策要強化逆周期調節，繼續實施積極的財政政策和穩健的貨幣政策，適時預調微調。結構性政策要強化體制機制建設，堅持向改革要動力，深化國資國企、財稅金融、土地、市場準入、社會管理等領域改革。社會政策要強化兜底保障功能，實施就業優先政策，確保群眾基本生活底線，寓管理于服務之中。

In macro policy, we will strengthen counter-cyclical regulation, continue to implement a proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy, and carry out anticipatory adjustments and fine-tuning as appropriate. In structural policy, we will strengthen institution building and look to reform to drive development, pushing for deeper reforms in state capital, SOE, fiscal, tax, and financial systems, land, market access, and social management. In social policy, we will guarantee the provision of social services to those most in need, implement a jobs first policy, ensure people's basic needs are met, and strengthen management in service delivery.

——積極的財政政策要加力提效。2019年財政赤字率擬按2.8%安排，比上年預算高0.2個百分點；財政赤字2.76萬億元，比上年預算增加3800億元；同時，較大幅度增加地方政府專項債券規模。實施更大規模的減稅降費，深化增值稅改革、實質性降低增值稅稅率，全面實施修改后的個人所得稅法及其實施條例，明顯降低企業社保繳費負擔。調整優化財政支出結構，一般性支出壓減5%以上、“三公”經費再壓減3%左右，切實保障重點支出，發揮好財政資金精準補短板和民生兜底作用，增加對脫貧攻堅、“三農”、結構調整、科技創新、生態環保、民生等領域投入。更好發揮轉移支付作用，繼續較大幅度增加中央對地方轉移支付，改革完善縣級基本財力保障機制，增強困難地區和基層政府保基本民生能力。

Implementing a stronger and more effective proactive fiscal policy

The debt-to-GDP ratio for the year is projected to be 2.8%, which is 0.2 percentage point higher than the projection last year. The government deficit is set at 2.76 trillion yuan, 380 billion yuan more than last year's budgeted figure. Furthermore, we will considerably scale up special bonds for local governments. We will impose broader cuts on taxes and fees, deepen VAT reform, substantially lower VAT rates, fully implement the revised Law on Individual Income Tax and regulations on its implementation, and markedly reduce the burden of social insurance contributions on enterprises. 

We will adjust and improve the composition of government expenditures. General expenditures will be cut by over 5%, and spending on official overseas visits, official vehicles, and official hospitality will be cut by another 3%, while funding for key expenditures will be guaranteed. Government funds will be leveraged to strengthen points of weakness in a targeted way and to provide a safety net for those most in need, with more funding for poverty alleviation, agriculture, rural areas, and rural residents, and for structural adjustments, scientific and technological innovation, ecological conservation and environmental protection, and people's wellbeing. Giving better play to transfer payments, we will continue the large-scale increases in transfer payments to local governments, and reform and improve the mechanisms for ensuring basic funding for county-level governments to see that poor areas and local governments are better able to meet people's basic living needs.

——穩健的貨幣政策要松緊適度。廣義貨幣（M2）和社會融資規模增速與國內生產總值名義增速相匹配，與2018年實際增速基本持平，以更好滿足經濟運行保持在合理區間的需要。靈活運用多種貨幣政策工具組合，保持流動性合理充裕和市場利率水平合理穩定。改善貨幣政策傳導機制，加強貨幣政策與金融監管等協調配合，深化利率市場化改革，提高直接融資比重，有效緩解實體經濟特別是制造業企業和小微企業、民營企業融資難融資貴問題。進一步完善匯率形成機制，增強人民幣匯率彈性，加強跨境資本流動監管，保持人民幣匯率在合理均衡水平上的基本穩定。著力保持股市、債市、匯市穩定并及時應對異常波動，防范化解金融風險隱患。

Implementing a prudent monetary policy with an appropriate level of intensity

Aggregate financing and the M2 money supply in 2019 will keep pace with nominal GDP growth and be roughly in line with last year's real growth rates. This will ensure both indicators better satisfy the requirement of keeping the economy performing within an appropriate range. We will employ a combination of monetary policy tools with flexibility, maintain reasonable and ample liquidity, and keep market interest rates stable at an appropriate level. We will improve the transmission mechanism of monetary policy and ensure better coordination and support between monetary policy and financial regulation. We will move forward market-based interest rate reforms, increase the proportion of direct financing, and effectively ease problems in the real economy, especially for the manufacturing firms, small and micro businesses, and private enterprises that are finding it tough and expensive to access financing. 

With a view to further improving the RMB exchange rate regime, we will increase the exchange rate's flexibility, enhance oversight over cross-border capital flows, and ensure the RMB exchange rate stays generally stable at an adaptive, equilibrium level. Working hard to keep stock, bond, and foreign exchange markets stable, we will respond swiftly to any abnormal fluctuations and guard against and defuse financial risks and hidden dangers.

——就業優先政策要全面發力。把穩定和促進就業作為經濟社會發展的優先目標，完善就業促進政策體系，更好發揮大眾創業、萬眾創新對擴大就業的支撐作用。促進就業容量大的服務業和部分勞動密集型產業發展，支持民營企業、中小微企業更好發揮就業主渠道作用，促進高校畢業生、退役軍人、下崗職工、農民工等群體就業，大規模開展職業技能培訓，加大對靈活就業、新就業形態的支持，加強全方位公共就業服務，努力在推動經濟高質量發展中實現更高質量和更充分就業。

Implementing a jobs first policy with all-out efforts

Ensuring stability in employment and promoting job creation will be priorities in economic and social development. We will improve pro-employment policies and give better play to the crucial role of business startups and innovation initiatives in creating jobs. We will promote the development of some labor-intensive industries and the service sector, which provides large numbers of employment opportunities, and support private enterprises and medium, small, and micro businesses in creating more jobs. We will help college graduates, demobilized military personnel, laid-off workers, and rural migrant workers find employment, and launch large-scale vocational skills training initiatives. We will give more support to flexible and new forms of employment, provide better, all-round public employment services, and strive to see that, in the course of pursuing high-quality economic development, we also achieve higher-quality, fuller employment.

——強化政策統籌協調。進一步做好頂層設計，增強政策的連續性、穩定性和協同性，把握好政策出臺的時機和力度，發揮國家發展規劃的戰略導向作用，更加注重年度國民經濟和社會發展計劃與“十三五”規劃《綱要》實施的銜接，健全財政、貨幣、產業、區域等經濟政策協調機制，探索建立宏觀經濟政策評估機制，防止出現政策不協調不配套，避免政策效應出現負向疊加、反向對沖等情況。產業政策要堅持普惠化、功能性，加強對優化供給結構、提高供給質量的支持。強化競爭政策的基礎性地位，著眼于使市場在資源配置中起決定性作用和更好發揮政府作用，加強公平競爭審查和反壟斷、反不正當競爭執法，規范政府行為，打破行政壟斷和地方保護，優化和完善技術、環保、質量、安全等標準，降低市場準入門檻，完善產權制度和市場退出制度，營造公平競爭的制度環境，進一步構建和完善全國統一大市場，鼓勵中小企業加快成長。區域政策要加快落實區域協調發展戰略，因地制宜、分類指導，發揮比較優勢，引導要素有序流動，健全區域合作機制和市場一體化發展機制。加快構建城鄉融合發展體制機制和政策體系。完善農業轉移人口市民化政策體系，推動農民工及隨遷家屬平等享受城鎮基本公共服務，在人口轉移和城鄉建設中激發內需潛力。

Stepping up overall policy planning and coordination

We will further improve top-level design to make policies more consistent, more stable, and better coordinated and ensure we get the timing and intensity right when enacting policies. We will look to our national development plans for strategic guidance and put greater emphasis on aligning annual economic and social development plans with the 13th Five-Year Plan. We will enhance the mechanisms for coordinating fiscal, monetary, industrial, regional, and other economic policies and undertake explorations on establishing an evaluation mechanism for macroeconomic policy. With these efforts, we will avoid cases where policies are uncoordinated or lack supplementary instruments or where they adversely overlap or even clash with one another. 

We must keep industrial policy inclusive and functional and see it better supports efforts to improve the structure and quality of supply. We will strengthen the fundamental position of competition policies to ensure the market plays the decisive role in resource allocation and the government better plays its role. We will step up fair competition reviews and enforcement of anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition laws, standardize government conduct, and break administrative monopolies and local protectionism. We will refine standards for technology, environmental protection, quality, and safety, lower the market entry threshold, and improve the property rights system and the mechanisms for exiting the market. We will foster an institutional environment that facilitates fair competition, advance the development of a sound unified market nationwide, and encourage faster growth among small and medium enterprises. 

Our regional policy will focus on speeding up implementation of the coordinated regional development strategy. We will tailor policies to local conditions, provide category-specific guidance, and give play to local comparative strengths. We will encourage the orderly flow of production factors and improve the mechanisms for promoting regional cooperation and integrating markets. We will pick up the pace in developing institutions, mechanisms, and policies for integrated rural and urban development. We will improve the policies on granting permanent urban residency to people from rural areas, and work to ensure basic public services in cities are accessible to rural migrant workers and their families. All these efforts will see that we unlock potential domestic demand in the course of promoting urbanization and urban and rural development.

三、2019年國民經濟和社會發展計劃的主要任務

III. Major Tasks for Economic and Social Development in 2019

2019年，要以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導，全面貫徹黨的十九大和十九屆二中、三中全會精神，按照黨中央、國務院決策部署，深入落實中央經濟工作會議精神和《政府工作報告》部署要求，著力做好八方面工作。

In 2019, we will continue following the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and fully apply the guiding principles from the 19th CPC National Congress and the second and third plenary sessions of the 19th CPC Central Committee. In line with the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the principles of the Central Economic Work Conference, and the requirements of the Report on the Work of the Government, we will focus our work on the following eight areas.

（一）著力深化供給側結構性改革。按照“鞏固、增強、提升、暢通”八字方針，鞏固“三去一降一補”成果，增強微觀主體活力，提升產業鏈水平，暢通國民經濟循環，有效緩解企業困難，厚植實體經濟發展根基。

1. Deepening supply-side structural reform

We will follow a policy of consolidating the gains in the five priority tasks, strengthening the dynamism of micro entities, upgrading industrial chains, and ensure unimpeded flows in the economy. On this basis we will work with enterprises to effectively resolve their difficulties and firm up the foundation for developing the real economy.

一是推動制造業高質量發展。制定實施大力推動制造業高質量發展的部署方案，培育發展先進制造業集群。繼續推進結構性去產能，健全各方面責任共擔和損失分擔機制，穩步推進企業優勝劣汰，加快處置“僵尸企業”，制定退出實施辦法。將降低企業杠桿率與企業兼并重組、產業整合有機結合，穩妥做好去產能職工分流安置工作。

1) We will pursue high-quality development of manufacturing. 

We will formulate an implementation plan for promoting high-quality development of the manufacturing sector, and foster advanced manufacturing clusters. We will continue cutting overcapacity through structural adjustments and improve the mechanisms for sharing among all involved the responsibilities for making cuts and bearing the resulting losses. We will steadily promote competition so that only the fittest enterprises survive, and move faster to deal with "zombie enterprises." Implementation plans on phasing out overcapacity will be introduced. 

We will adopt a joined-up approach to lowering enterprise leverage ratios, merging and reorganizing enterprises, and integrating industries. Appropriate measures will be taken to assist workers displaced due to overcapacity cuts. 

二是推進先進制造業與現代服務業深度融合。出臺實施深化新一代信息技術與制造業融合發展的指導意見，推動工業互聯網創新發展與智能制造、電子商務有機結合、互促共進，積極推動傳統制造業加速向數字化、網絡化、智能化發展，推進制造業物流業融合發展。制定出臺服務業高質量發展行動綱要，深入開展服務業綜合改革試點。

2) We will promote integration of advanced manufacturing and modern services. 

We will set out the guidelines to more deeply embed next-generation IT into the manufacturing sector, and work for greater levels of integration and mutual reinforcement between industrial internet innovations and intelligent manufacturing and e-commerce. Traditional industries will be encouraged to make a faster shift to digital, internet-based, and smart-tech models; and integrated development of the manufacturing and logistics sectors will be promoted. We will formulate an action plan for high-quality development of the service sector, and move forward with trials on comprehensive service-sector reforms.

三是更大力度降成本。堅持普惠性減稅和結構性減稅相結合，對小微企業、科技型初創企業實施普惠性稅收減免。啟動環境保護、節能節水項目和資源綜合利用企業所得稅優惠目錄修訂工作。清理規范經營服務性收費。發揮好國家融資擔保基金作用，落實好小微企業融資擔保降成本獎補機制。推動公共信用信息、金融信用信息共享，創新基于信用的小微企業、“三農”融資模式。大力推廣集裝化運輸，持續推進多式聯運示范工程，著力打通公鐵水聯運銜接的“最后一公里”，切實降低物流成本。

3) We will further cut the costs of enterprises. 

We will introduce both general-benefit and structural tax cuts, and tax relief will be available for all small and micro businesses and sci-tech startups. We will start revising the catalog of corporate income tax credits for environmental protection, energy and water conservation, and the comprehensive use of resources. 

We will overhaul and standardize business service fees. We will make good use of the national financing guaranty fund, and make good use of the rewards and subsidies mechanism to reduce small and micro businesses' financing guarantee costs. We will press ahead with sharing public credit and financial credit information, and create credit-based financing models for small and micro businesses and for agriculture, rural areas, and rural residents. 

In transportation, we will vigorously develop containerization, continue multimodal transportation demonstration projects, and strive to solve the "last-kilometer" problem in combined highway, railway, and water transportation services. These efforts will deliver substantial cuts in logistics costs.

四是加力支持民營企業發展。堅持“兩個毫不動搖”，鼓勵、支持、引導非公有制經濟繼續發展壯大，大力營造公平競爭的市場環境和法治化制度環境。持續加強產權保護，強化政務誠信建設，開展產權保護領域政務失信專項治理行動，推動各地解決一批企業和群眾反映強烈的產權糾紛問題。建立健全企業家參與涉企政策制定機制，著力構建親清新型政商關系，切實將激發和保護企業家精神各項政策落到實處。出臺支持民營企業改革發展的意見。依法保護民營企業權益，有力保護企業家人身安全和財產安全，讓民營企業安心放心。深入開展清理拖欠民營企業、中小企業賬款專項行動，繼續清理規范工程建設領域保證金。發揮各類金融機構優勢，完善民營企業信用評級制度，鼓勵銀行向民營企業發放中長期貸款，推動債券品種創新，擴大優質企業債發行規模，實施好民營企業債券融資支持工具，研究并推動設立民營企業股權融資支持工具，多渠道破解融資難融資貴問題。推進守信激勵創新，探索拓展“信易+”服務項目，實現信用惠民便企。對排斥限制民營企業招投標問題開展專項整治。

4) We will boost support for private enterprises. 

There will be no irresolution about consolidating and developing the public sector and no irresolution about encouraging, supporting, and guiding non-public sector development. The non-public sector will receive all the encouragement, support, and guidance it needs to thrive, and vigorous efforts will be made to create an environment characterized by fair market competition and law-based institutions. 

We will continue boosting protection for property rights and strengthen government integrity-building. As part of this, we will take targeted action to address failures to act in good faith on property rights protection in government administration, and local authorities will have assistance in resolving property rights disputes that have elicited a strong reaction from enterprises and the public. 

Robust mechanisms will be put in place to include business owners and executives in formulating enterprise-related policies. We will keep working to build a new type of cordial and clean relationship between government and business, and take steps to ensure the full implementation of policies on encouraging and protecting entrepreneurship. We will also issue guidelines on supporting reform and development in private enterprises. 

Private enterprises will see their rights and interests being protected in accordance with law, and vigorous steps will be taken to protect the personal safety and property of business owners and executives so they can do business with peace of mind. We will take further action to deal with the problem of defaults on payments to private enterprises and small and medium businesses. We will continue to overhaul and standardize security deposits in the construction industry. 

We will harness the advantages of all types of financial institutions, improve the credit rating system for private enterprises, and encourage banks to lend to them on medium- and long-term basis. We will develop new types of bonds, allow more competitive enterprises to issue bonds, support private businesses in accessing bond financing, and make explorations on creating tools to support private businesses in obtaining equity financing. Through these multiple channels, we will help solve the problems of private enterprises finding it tough and costly to obtain financing.

We will develop new incentives for good-faith actors, explore ways to expand the Good Credit Plus services initiative, and ensure more beneficial and easily accessible services for individuals and enterprises with good credit scores. Targeted measures will be adopted to address the problem of excluding and restricting private enterprises from public bidding. 

五是深化農業供給側結構性改革。毫不放松抓好糧食生產，全面落實糧食安全省長責任制，深入推進優質糧食工程，確保糧食播種面積穩定在16.5億畝。全面完成糧食生產功能區和重要農產品生產保護區劃定，加強農田水利建設，新增高標準農田8000萬畝以上。優化品種結構，大力發展緊缺和綠色優質農產品生產，推進農業由增產導向轉向提質導向。穩步推進耕地輪作休耕制度試點。實施質量興農戰略規劃，建設質量興農政策、評價、考核和工作體系。持續推進農業綠色發展，推進建設農業綠色發展先行區。加快農業科技改革創新，大力發展現代種業，加強先進適用技術推廣，實施地理標志農產品保護工程，推進農業全程機械化。加快構建鄉村產業體系，深入推進農村一二三產業融合發展，壯大縣域經濟。創新發展鄉村特色產業和新型服務業，支持特色農產品優勢區、現代農業產業園、農業產業強鎮建設，大力培育發展農業產業化國家重點龍頭企業，積極培育家庭農場、農民合作社等新型農業經營主體，加快培育發展農村新產業新業態。完善稻谷和小麥最低收購價政策，完善玉米和大豆生產者補貼政策，進一步提高大豆補貼標準，多途徑擴大大豆種植面積。擴大政策性農業保險改革試點，創新和加強農村金融服務。毫不松懈做好非洲豬瘟防控工作，穩定畜禽產品生產供應。健全化肥、農藥等重要農資儲備制度。加快建立符合國際規則的新型農業支持保護政策體系。

5) We will deepen supply-side structural reform in agriculture. 

We will keep a firm focus on grain production. We will ensure full implementation of the food security responsibility system for provincial governors, push forward quality grain programs, and ensure total grain acreage remains steady at 110 million hectares.

We will complete the work of delimiting grain-producing functional zones and protected production areas for major agricultural products, and improve farmland irrigation and water conservancy; and the area of high-quality cropland will be increased by at least 5.33 million hectares. We will improve the crop mix, encouraging farmers to grow crops that are in short supply, are environmentally friendly, and are of high-quality, and promoting a shift in the focus of agriculture from increasing output to raising quality. Trials of crop rotation and fallow land will be carried out steadily. We will implement a strategic plan for quality-driven reinvigoration of agriculture, and put in place supplementary policies and assessment, review, and work systems. Continuing the push toward the green development of agriculture, we will support the building of pilot zones for this express purpose. 

We will step up reform and innovation in agricultural science and technology, make a big push to develop the modern seed industry, promote the application of advanced, practical technologies, launch programs to protect agricultural products using geographical indications, and push ahead with complete agricultural mechanization.

We will move faster to build a rural industrial system, further promote the integrated development of rural primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, and strengthen county economies. This will see rural areas being encouraged to take new approaches in developing their distinctive local industries and new types of services. We will support the development of areas growing quality, distinctive local agricultural products, modern agriculture industrial parks, and towns with agricultural strengths. We will cultivate and support national leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization, foster new agribusiness models such as family farms and farmer cooperatives, and accelerate the development of new industries and new forms of business in rural areas. 

We will refine policies on minimum purchase prices for rice and wheat and on corn and soybean production subsides, further increase the subsidies for soybeans, and employ a variety of ways to expand the area of land under soybean cultivation. We will expand trial reforms of policy-backed agricultural insurance, and develop new and better rural financial services. 

There will be no let-up in our efforts to successfully prevent and control African swine fever and ensure production and supply of livestock and poultry products. The reserve system for important agricultural supplies such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides will be improved. 

We will move faster to establish a new type of support and protection policy framework for agriculture in line with international rules.

（二）促進形成強大國內市場。堅持辦好自己的事，著眼更好滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需要，大力培育發展國內市場，實現經濟良性循環和供需動態平衡。

2. Developing a strong domestic market

To fulfill the requirement of managing our own affairs well and the task of meeting the people's ever-growing needs for a better life, we will work to vigorously develop the domestic market, promote beneficial circulation in the economy, and ensure a dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand.

一是加快傳統產業改造提升。制定加快傳統產業改造提升促進形成強大國內市場的實施意見，修訂產業結構調整指導目錄。強化創新、土地、人才等要素保障，為制造業企業技術改造和轉型升級提供中長期資金供給。加強重大技術裝備補短板，推動首臺（套）裝備示范應用。加強質量和品牌建設，強化標準引領，著力提升產品品質。改造提升重大產業基地，培育發展現代產業集群。組織實施新一輪技術改造升級工程，運用互聯網、大數據、人工智能等新技術和先進適用綠色工藝、技術、裝備改造傳統產業，促進傳統產業安全、綠色、集聚、高效發展。

1) We will accelerate transformation and upgrading of traditional industries.

Guidelines on accelerating transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and developing a dynamic domestic market will be formulated, and the catalog of industrial structural adjustments will be revised. Efforts will be made to increase the support of innovation, land, human resources, and other factors of production and to ensure the medium- and long-term funding needed for manufacturing enterprises to upgrade their technologies and transform their business models. We will strongly support the development of major technological equipment to shore up areas of weakness, and promote the demonstration and application of newly-developed equipment. We will support the efforts to improve quality and build brands, attach greater importance to standards, and strive to bolster product quality. We will upgrade major industrial bases, and cultivate modern industrial clusters. We will organize a new round of technology transformation and upgrading projects, and harness new technologies like the internet, big data, and AI and advanced, applicable green methods, technologies, and equipment to transform traditional industries and promote their safe, green, intensive, and efficient development.

二是大力培育新興產業。優化新業態新模式的監管體制，深化新興產業政銀企合作，在新一代信息技術、高端裝備、生物技術、新材料等重點領域，優先培育和大力發展一批戰略性新興產業集群。加快建立數字經濟政策體系，制定實施新時期“互聯網+”行動，實施數字經濟、“互聯網+”重大工程，建設人工智能創新應用先導區，持續推進大數據綜合試驗區建設。加快5G商用步伐和IPv6規模部署，加強人工智能、工業互聯網、物聯網等新型基礎設施建設和融合應用。研究制定新時期“寬帶中國”戰略，加強新一代信息基礎設施建設。研究制定生物經濟發展戰略綱要和促進生物產業發展的若干政策，深入實施生物產業倍增工程，促進生物技術和信息技術融合發展。加大通用航空產業發展步伐。

2) We will foster emerging industries. 

We will optimize the oversight mechanism for new forms and new models of business and promote deeper cooperation between government, banks, and enterprises in developing emerging industries. We will prioritize and strongly develop a number of clusters of strategic emerging industries in key fields such as next-generation IT, high-end equipment, biotechnology, and new materials. We will move faster to set up a policy framework for the digital economy, formulate an Internet Plus action plan for the new era, and carry out major digital economy and Internet Plus projects. We will set up leading zones for new AI applications and continue developing integrated experimental zones for big data. 

We will move quickly to launch commercial 5G operations and expand deployment of Internet Protocol version six (IPv6), and strengthen the development and integrated application of new types of infrastructure in AI, the industrial internet, and the Internet of Things. We will commence research and planning on a National Broadband Internet Agenda for the new era and step up construction of next-generation information infrastructure. 

Research will be conducted on formulating a bio-economy development strategy and a package of policies for developing the biotech industry. We will take further action to boost growth of the biotech industry and to promote integrated development of biotechnology and information technology. Further steps will be taken to develop the general aviation industry.

三是聚焦關鍵領域促進有效投資。制定基礎設施高質量發展實施方案，推進落實保持基礎設施領域補短板力度有關舉措。安排中央預算內投資5776億元，比上年增加400億元。調整優化中央預算內投資結構，重點用于“三農”建設、重大基礎設施建設、創新驅動和結構調整、保障性安居工程、社會事業和社會治理、節能環保與生態建設等方面。加大對在建項目的資金保障，鼓勵地方政府盤活存量財政資金，重點用于在建基礎設施項目，防止出現“半拉子”工程。建立健全吸引民間資本投資重點領域長效機制，引導民營企業參與國家重大戰略和補短板項目建設。鼓勵民間資本采取混合所有制、投標聯合體等多種方式參與PPP項目。加快推動川藏鐵路、沿江高鐵、北煤南運通道體系、跨區輸電通道、西南水電等重大項目的規劃建設，支持京津冀、長江三角洲、粵港澳大灣區、山東半島、北部灣等重點城市群加快推進城際鐵路、市域（郊）鐵路規劃建設，抓好三峽庫區后續工程建設，抓緊推進三峽樞紐水運新通道和葛洲壩航運擴能工程等重大項目前期工作，規劃建設西部陸海新通道，加快建設天然氣管網設施互聯互通“全國一張網”。推進樞紐機場新建、遷建和改擴建工程，有序建設支線機場和通用機場，加快推進北京大興國際機場建設和運營籌備工作，確保9月底前建成投運。大力推進綜合客運樞紐、物流樞紐建設，制定國家物流樞紐網絡建設實施方案，支持集疏港鐵路等建設，打通運輸“最后一公里”。

3) We will focus on key areas and promote effective investment. 

We will draw up an implementation plan for high-quality infrastructure development, and promote the implementation of measures on sustaining efforts to strengthen areas of weakness in infrastructure. A total of 577.6 billion yuan from the central government budget will be allocated for investment this year, 40 billion more than last year. Adjustments will be made to optimize the composition of investments from the central government budget. The bulk of investments will go to support agriculture, rural areas, and rural residents; major infrastructure, innovation-driven development, and structural adjustments; government-subsidized housing, social programs, and social governance; and energy saving, environmental protection, and ecological conservation. We will work harder to ensure funding for ongoing projects; and to avoid projects being only half-finished, local governments will be encouraged to make good use of available fiscal funds, which should be used primarily for infrastructure projects already under way. 

We will ensure stronger long-term mechanisms for attracting private investment into key areas, with greater encouragement for private enterprises to get involved in major national strategies and state projects to strengthen areas of weakness. We will encourage the participation of private capital through PPP projects in various forms such as mixed ownership and joint bidding consortiums. 

We will press ahead with the planning and development of major projects such as the Chengdu-Lhasa railway, high-speed railway along the Yangtze River, a north-to-south coal line, trans-regional power transmission routes, and hydropower projects in southwest China. We will support major city clusters in moving faster to plan and build intercity, municipal, and suburban rail services—included in this are the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the Shandong Peninsula, and the Beibu Bay area. Follow-up projects for the Three Gorges Reservoir area will be advanced. We will speed up preliminary work for major projects such as a new channel for the Three Georges water transportation hub and the project to expand the navigational capacity of the Gezhouba Dam. Plans will be made to build new land-sea transit routes for the western region, and faster progress will be achieved in building a national network of natural gas pipelines. 

We will continue projects to build, relocate, rebuild, and expand hub airports, and construct regional airports and general-purpose airports in a well-planned way. We will speed up construction of Beijing Daxing International Airport and operational preparations to ensure its opening at the end of this September. We will advance the construction of comprehensive passenger transportation hubs and logistics hubs, draw up an implementation plan for developing a national network of logistics hubs, support the building of port logistics railways, and solve the "last-kilometer" problem in transportation connectivity.

四是積極培育消費惠民新增長點。研究制定居民增收三年行動方案。落實好個人所得稅基本減除費用標準和6個專項附加扣除政策，深入推進城鄉居民增收試點工作，推動實施技能人才、新型職業農民、科研人員等重點群體增收激勵計劃，完善事業單位崗位績效工資制度，進一步增強居民消費能力。制定出臺促進汽車、家電等熱點產品消費的措施，暢通城鄉雙向聯動銷售渠道，開展品牌消費、品質消費“雙品網購節”系列活動，挖掘農村網購和鄉村旅游消費潛力。實施質量強國戰略，推動產品和服務質量提升。開展打擊假冒偽劣三年行動，凈化市場消費環境。深入實施“同線同標同質”工程，加強重要商品質量追溯體系建設，改造提升重點城市步行街，吸引高端商品和服務等境外消費回流。推動各類應用電子產品智能化升級，進一步擴大和升級信息消費。創新激勵政策，強化市場監管，擴大綠色消費。加快教育、育幼、養老、家政、醫療、文化、旅游等服務業發展。豐富文化和旅游產品及服務供給，創新業態和消費模式。研究制定健康產業發展行動綱要，加大體育消費設施建設力度。落實帶薪年休假制度。出臺實施大力發展老年人照護服務的政策措施，開展家政服務標準化試點示范建設，加大家政人員培訓力度。推進海南國際旅游消費中心、平潭國際旅游島和橫琴國際休閑旅游島建設，組織實施“三區三州”等深度貧困地區旅游基礎設施改造升級行動計劃（2018－2020年）。加強重點旅游景區快速交通、步行道、停車場等基礎設施和公共服務設施建設，規范主題公園健康發展，支持郵輪、旅居車等消費發展。研究制定促進東北地區寒地冰雪經濟發展的指導意見。實施社會辦醫療機構跨部門聯合審批。

4) We will foster new growth areas in consumption for the benefit of the people. 

We will work on drawing up a three-year action plan for increasing personal income. We will ensure implementation of the policy on raising the personal income tax threshold and introducing six special deductible items, and carry out trials on increasing the incomes of urban and rural residents. We will move forward with plans on providing incentives to increase incomes for key groups such as skilled personnel, new-type professional farmers, and R&D personnel, and improve the performance-based salary system for public institution employees. These actions will help further improve people's ability to consume.

We will formulate measures for boosting spending on automobiles, home appliances, and other popular products, and keep channels between urban and rural markets free-flowing. We will launch a series of online shopping promotions to boost brand and quality consumption, and unlock the consumption potential of online shopping and tourism in rural areas. To promote improvements in the quality of our products and services, we will implement a strategy to make China strong on quality. We will launch a three-year campaign against counterfeit and substandard goods to ensure a clean market environment for consumers. We will intensify efforts to ensure that products sold domestically are produced on the same production lines, meet the same standards, and are of the same quality as exported ones, and improve the system for quality traceability of important goods. We will upgrade pedestrian malls in major cities, and encourage consumers to purchase high-end goods and services at home instead of overseas. We will support efforts to make applied electronic products smarter, and work on further expanding and upgrading consumption of information goods and services. To encourage green consumption, we will introduce new incentive policies and tighten market oversight. 

We will speed up development of specific service sectors, including education, childcare, elderly care, housekeeping, healthcare, culture, and tourism. We will expand the diversity of products and services in culture and tourism, and promote the development of new forms of business and models of consumption. We will formulate an action plan to develop the health industry, and build more facilities to encourage sports-related spending. We will ensure implementation of the paid vacation system. Policies and measures will be introduced to improve care services for the elderly. Pilot and demonstration projects will be carried out to set standards for domestic services, and training will be boosted for domestic-service personnel. 

We will continue working to make Hainan an international hotspot for tourism and shopping, to grow Pingtan as an international tourism island, and to develop Hengqin as an international leisure and tourism resort. We will organize the implementation of the Action Plan (2018-2020) for Redeveloping and Upgrading Tourism Infrastructure in the Three Regions and Three Prefectures and Other Areas Affected by Extreme Poverty. We will improve the infrastructure and public service facilities at major tourist attractions, installing rapid transit services, walkways, and parking lots. We will set standards for the sound development of theme parks, and support cruiser liner and recreational vehicle-based spending. Research will be conducted to formulate guidelines on developing the winter economy in northeast China. Joint review and approval of privately-run hospitals will be carried out by related government departments.

五是切實穩定市場預期。積極主動加強重大政策解讀，創新宣傳手段，及時向各類市場主體精準解讀政策精神。及時妥善化解可能影響預期的重大風險隱患，密切關注輿情走勢，及時回應社會關切，強化重特大突發事件應急處置。做好第四次全國經濟普查數據采集、發布和解讀工作。密切跟蹤分析重要商品市場供需和價格變化，做好市場保供和物價穩定工作，加強產供儲銷運調節，嚴厲打擊囤積居奇、哄抬物價等不法行為。

5) We will keep market expectations stable. 

We will actively work to enhance explanations of major policies, adopt new approaches in policy communication, and ensure all types of market entities have a correct understanding of our policies. We will take timely and appropriate measures to defuse major risks and potential dangers that may affect market expectations, pay close attention to trends in society, respond to people's concerns promptly, and take stronger measures to deal with major and serious emergencies. We will gather, publish, and analyze data for China's fourth economic census. 

We will closely monitor and analyze changes in supply and demand and the prices of major commodities, ensure market supply and price stability, strengthen regulation of the production, supply, storage, marketing, and transportation of goods, and crack down on speculative hoarding, price gouging, and other illegal activities.

（三）堅決打好三大攻堅戰。針對突出問題，集中力量、分類推進、精準施策，打好重點戰役，全力攻堅、務求實效。

3. Securing progress in the critical battles against potential risk, poverty, and pollution 

Aiming at the most pronounced problems, we will rely on collective efforts, category-based approaches, and targeted policies to accomplish key tasks, tackle tough challenges, and achieve solid results.

一是打好防范化解重大風險攻堅戰。堅決貫徹總體國家安全觀，健全維護國家經濟安全的體制機制，強化重大風險監測研判預警，守住不發生系統性風險的底線。堅持結構性去杠桿基本思路，把握好節奏和力度，推動市場化債轉股簽約項目盡快落地，加強國有企業資產負債約束，建立企業債務風險監測、預警體系。加強對股市、債市、匯市資金流動和風險的監管與處置，防范金融市場異常波動和共振。完善資本市場基本制度，加強互聯網金融等領域監管，有序化解影子銀行風險。彌補監管制度短板，盡快出臺金融控股公司監管辦法。穩妥處理地方政府債務風險，堅決遏制地方政府隱性債務增量、有序推進存量化解，支持融資平臺公司市場化轉型。堅持房子是用來住的、不是用來炒的定位，穩妥實施房地產市場平穩健康發展長效機制方案，落實城市主體責任制，穩地價、穩房價、穩預期，堅決防范化解房地產市場風險。堅持租購并舉，完善住房市場體系和住房保障體系，努力解決城鎮中低收入居民和新市民住房問題。改革住房公積金制度。在人口凈流入的大中城市加快發展住房租賃市場特別是長期租賃市場。

1) We will further advance the battle against major risks.

We will firmly apply a holistic approach to national security. We will improve the systems and mechanisms for safeguarding national economic security, strengthen the monitoring, assessment, and early warning of major risks, and make sure no systemic risks arise. Sticking with the basic approach of structural deleveraging, and setting a proper pace and intensity, we will work for the early implementation of contracted projects for market-based debt-to-equity swaps, impose stronger constraints on the debt-to-asset ratios of SOEs, and establish systems for monitoring and sending early warnings on enterprise debt risks. 

Oversight over capital flow in the stock, bond, and foreign exchange markets and the handling of related risks will be strengthened to prevent abnormal fluctuations and resonance in the financial market. Basic capital market systems will be improved, oversight over internet finance will be strengthened, and orderly steps will be taken to defuse shadow banking risks. Working to remedy the weak points in the regulation system, we will unveil, at the earliest possible date, measures for regulating financial holding companies. We will see that local government debt risks are handled properly. We will firmly check increases in hidden local government debt, take orderly steps to deal with existing debt, and support the market-oriented transformation of financing platform companies.

In line with the principle that houses are for living in, not for speculation, we will take prudent steps to establish a long-term mechanism to facilitate the stable and healthy development of the real estate market, and take measures to see that municipal governments fulfill their primary responsibility in this respect. We will keep land prices, housing prices, and expectations stable, and resolutely prevent and defuse risks in the housing market. We will encourage both the rental and purchase of housing, improve the housing market and housing support systems, and work hard to help medium- and low-income urban residents and new urban residents solve their housing problems. We will reform the housing provident fund system, and work faster to develop the housing rental market, particularly the long-term rental market, in large and medium-sized cities that have net population inflows.

二是打好精準脫貧攻堅戰。扎實推進打贏脫貧攻堅戰三年行動，集中力量支持“三區三州”等深度貧困地區和特殊貧困群體脫貧攻堅，重點解決好實現“兩不愁三保障”面臨的突出問題。深入實施產業、就業、生態、教育、健康、社會保障等扶貧，實施殘疾人脫貧行動。進一步落實脫貧攻堅責任制，完善脫貧攻堅考核監督評估機制。研究建立促進困難群眾穩定脫貧和防范返貧的長效機制，減少和防止貧困人口返貧。對摘帽后的貧困縣通過實施鄉村振興戰略，鞏固脫貧成果、提升發展水平。研究解決收入水平略高于建檔立卡貧困戶的群體缺乏政策支持等新問題。全年再減少農村貧困人口1000萬人以上，基本完成“十三五”易地扶貧搬遷規劃建設任務。

2) We will make good strides in the battle against poverty. 

We will firmly move forward with the three-year initiative for winning the battle against poverty, with a focus on supporting particular groups affected by poverty and areas classified as extremely poor, such as the aforementioned three regions and three prefectures. Priority will be given to resolving the key problems in our efforts to ensure adequate food and clothing and access to education, basic medical services, and housing for the rural poor population. 

We will step up efforts to reduce poverty by developing local industries, boosting employment, education, healthcare, and social security, and providing ecological-conservation subsidies, and take action to tackle poverty resulting from disability. The responsibility system for poverty elimination will be effectively enforced, and evaluation, oversight, and assessment mechanisms will be improved. We will make explorations on establishing long-term mechanisms for people to steadily make their way out and stay out of poverty, thereby reducing and preventing cases of people slipping back into impoverishment. Counties that have eliminated poverty will be encouraged to consolidate their progress and promote local development through the rural revitalization strategy. We will explore solutions for new issues such as the lack of support polices for those with incomes slightly above the poverty line. This year, the rural poor population is targeted to fall by at least ten million, and work on projects to relocate poor populations from inhospitable areas during the 13th Five-Year Plan period will be basically completed.

三是打好污染防治攻堅戰。堅守陣地、鞏固成果，不放寬放松，更不走回頭路，協同推進經濟高質量發展和生態環境高水平保護。聚焦打贏藍天保衛戰、柴油貨車污染治理、城市黑臭水體治理、長江保護修復、渤海綜合治理、農業農村污染治理、水源地保護等七大戰役，加大工作和投入力度。加強污染防治重大科技攻關。改革創新環境治理方式，制定構建政府為主導、企業為主體、社會組織和公眾共同參與的環境治理體系的意見，落實企業污染防治主體責任和環保責任。深入推進生態環境保護督察，幫助企業制定環境治理解決方案。推進鋼鐵行業超低排放改造，持續穩步推進煤電超低排放和節能改造，促進煤電高效、清潔、高質量發展。優化調整貨物運輸結構，提升煤炭、礦石、焦炭等大宗貨物鐵路、水路運輸比例。實施城市污水處理提質增效三年行動，全面推進城市生活垃圾分類工作，研究制定進一步加強塑料污染防治的意見。組織實施“無廢城市”建設試點和廢鉛蓄電池污染防治行動。大力推進能源節約和高效利用，促進重點地區煤炭消費減量替代和清潔高效利用。有效推進北方地區冬季清潔取暖，集中資源推進京津冀及周邊地區、汾渭平原散煤治理。加強天然氣產供儲銷體系建設，按照“以氣定改”原則有序實施煤改氣等措施。支持清潔能源多元化應用，提高可再生能源占能源消費比重，建立可再生能源電力消納利用長效機制。加強生態系統保護和修復，加強荒漠化、石漠化等治理。加大生物多樣性保護力度。繼續開展退耕還林還草還濕。全面開展生態保護紅線勘界定標，建設生態保護紅線監管平臺。完善多元化的橫向生態補償機制。推進大規模國土綠化，提升森林、草原、濕地等生態系統質量，深化國家公園體制改革。深入實施河長制湖長制，持續推進重點流域綜合治理。嚴格管控圍填海。建立健全綠色生產、消費的法律制度和政策體系，研究制定建立健全綠色低碳循環發展經濟體系的指導意見，推進資源循環利用基地建設。實施國家節水行動，提高水資源管理水平和利用效率。推廣綠色建筑、綠色快遞包裝。加快構建市場導向的綠色技術創新體系，發布綠色產業指導目錄（2019年版），推動綠色高效制冷。改革完善環境經濟政策，健全排污權交易制度，大力發展綠色金融。積極推廣合同能源管理、合同節水管理、環境污染第三方治理模式，加快實施綠色制造工程，促進節能環保等綠色產業發展。開展綠色生活創建行動。實施應對氣候變化國家戰略，加快完善全國碳市場制度體系，積極參與全球氣候治理。

3) We will make solid progress in the battle against pollution.

We will hold our ground and consolidate the progress made in coordinating high-quality economic growth and high-standard ecological and environmental protection. We will not relax restrictions or slacken efforts, much less allow a return to the ways of the past. 

We will put greater energy and investment into the seven campaigns to keep our skies blue, control pollution caused by diesel trucks, improve black, malodorous water bodies in cities, carry out protection and restoration in the Yangtze River basin, improve the water environment of the Bohai Sea region, control pollution in agriculture and rural areas, and protect water sources. We will work to achieve major scientific and technological breakthroughs in pollution prevention and control. We will reform and innovate environmental governance methods, draw up guidelines on establishing an environmental governance system in which government leads, enterprises are the main actors, and social organizations and the public participate, and ensure that enterprises shoulder the primary responsibility for pollution prevention and control and the responsibility for environmental protection. We will strengthen inspections on ecological and environmental protection, and help enterprises develop their own environmental improvement solutions.

We will encourage upgrading in the steel industry to achieve ultra-low emissions, steadily advance efforts to upgrade coal-burning power plants to achieve ultra-low emissions and energy conservation, and promote efficient, clean, and high-quality development of coal-fired power plants. We will adjust and optimize the mix of freight transportation modes, increasing the proportion of rail and water transportation for coal, ore, coke, and other bulk goods.

We will continue the three-year initiative to treat urban sewage more effectively and efficiently, advance the sorting of urban household waste across the country, and draw up guidelines on taking stronger steps to prevent and control plastic pollution. We will run trials on a "no waste cities" initiative, and take action to prevent and address pollution caused by used lead storage batteries. 

We will make a major push to promote conservation and efficient use of energy, and urge key localities to cut coal consumption by replacing it with alternative energy and by using coal in a cleaner and more efficient way. We will effectively promote clean energy sources for winter heating across northern China, and concentrate resources to ensure cleaner use of coal in non-industrial sectors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and surrounding areas and the Fenwei Plain region.

We will improve natural gas production, supply, reserve, and sale systems, and take orderly steps to replace coal with gas in areas where gas supply is sufficient for such replacement. We will support the use of clean energy in multiple ways, raise the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption, and establish a long-term mechanism to absorb electricity generated from renewable energy sources into power grids. 

We will redouble our efforts to protect and restore ecosystems. We will address the spread of desertification and stony deserts, work harder to protect biodiversity, and continue efforts to return marginal farmland to forests, grasslands, and wetlands. We will conduct extensive surveys and set standards for ecological red lines, and build an oversight and management platform for these lines. Diversified trans-regional ecological compensation mechanisms will be improved. We will make progress in large-scale afforestation, improve the quality of ecosystems in forests, grasslands, and wetlands, and deepen reform on the national parks system. We will achieve extensive roll-out of the river chief and lake chief systems, and continue to advance the comprehensive governance of the water environment in key river basins. Control and oversight will be tightened over coastal reclamation activities.

We will further develop and refine our legal and policy systems to promote green production and consumption, and put forward guidelines on building a sound economic structure that facilitates green, low-carbon, and circular development. We will promote the construction of resource recycling centers. We will carry out the national water conservation campaign and ensure water resources are better managed and more efficiently utilized. We will encourage the construction of eco-friendly buildings and the use of eco-friendly express delivery packaging. We will move faster to set up a system for market-oriented green technology innovation and release the Catalog of Green Industries (2019). We will promote green and efficient refrigeration, reform and improve economic policies concerning environmental protections, refine the cap-and-trade system for emissions, and develop green finance. We will promote contracted energy and water-conservation management models and third-party treatment of environmental pollution, make rapid advances in green manufacturing, and boost the growth of green industries in relation to energy conservation and environmental protection. Initiatives will be carried out to promote eco-friendly lifestyles.

We will execute the national strategy for responding to climate change, move faster to improve national carbon market institutions, and actively participate in global climate governance.

（四）加快建設創新型國家。落實創新驅動發展戰略，提高大眾創業、萬眾創新水平，促進軍民協同創新，全面提升創新能力和效率。

4. Moving faster to build China into a country of innovators 

We will implement the innovation-driven development strategy, take the business startups and innovation initiative to the next level, and promote military-civilian collaboration in innovation, to comprehensively raise our innovation capacity and efficiency.

一是加強國家創新體系建設。研究謀劃新一輪全面創新改革試驗。持續推進科技體制改革，抓好賦予科研機構和人員更大自主權有關政策的貫徹落實。改革科技創新成果的科學、技術、經濟等價值評價制度，推動科研成果加快轉化。建立健全以創新、質量、貢獻為導向的科技人才評價激勵體系。編制新一輪國家中長期科技發展規劃。加大對基礎研究的穩定持續投入。加快實施國家科技重大專項和科技創新2030—重大項目。構建開放、協同、高效的共性技術研發平臺，加快健全需求為導向、企業為主體的產學研一體化創新機制。大力支持民營企業開展原始創新，支持龍頭企業包括民營高技術企業牽頭重大科技項目，強化企業、科研院所和高校的創新資源整合共享。加強工業強基工程協同攻關，推進產業鏈上下游一條龍示范應用。抓緊布局國家實驗室，重組國家重點實驗室體系。完善重大科技項目組織管理。加強國家產業創新中心建設，支持新一批國家自主創新示范區建設，在關鍵領域新布局建設若干國家制造業創新中心。加快建立京津冀協同創新共同體，支持北京、上海科技創新中心建設，支持北京懷柔、上海張江、安徽合肥3個綜合性國家科學中心建設，以科技創新支撐長江經濟帶發展、長江三角洲區域一體化發展戰略，研究和大力支持建設粵港澳大灣區國際科技創新中心并布局建設綜合性國家科學中心。

1) We will improve national innovation systems. 

Research and planning will be carried out for a new round of pilot reforms on comprehensive innovation. We will keep advancing reform of the science and technology management system, with particular emphasis on implementing policies on granting greater autonomy to research institutes and researchers. To see scientific advances being applied more quickly, we will pursue reform of the systems for assessing the scientific, technological, and economic value of science and technology innovations. We will establish a robust science and technology personnel evaluation and incentive system based on innovation, quality, and contribution. We will draw up plans on a new round of national scientific and technological development over the medium and long term. Investment in basic research will maintain steady growth, and efforts will be accelerated to implement major national science and technology programs and major projects for the Sci-Tech Innovation 2030 Agenda.

We will work to establish open, coordinated, and efficient platforms for research on generic technologies, and move faster to improve collaborative innovation mechanisms for bringing together enterprises, academia, and research institutes, which are demand-oriented and give enterprises the leading role. Private enterprises will receive strong support in pursuing original innovation. There will be support for leading enterprises, including private high-tech enterprises, to initiate major technology projects, and efforts will be made to achieve better integration and sharing of innovation resources among companies, research institutes, and universities. We will step up cooperation to see technological breakthroughs in projects designed to strengthen China's industrial foundation, and promote demonstrations for technology applications throughout the industrial chain.

We will move swiftly to carry out overall planning for the development of national laboratories, and reorganize the system of national key laboratories. Major science and technology projects will be better organized and managed. We will step up the development of national industrial innovation centers, support the building of a new group of national demonstration zones for independent innovation, and make plans for building several national manufacturing innovation centers in key sectors. We will speed up the development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as a collaborative innovation community, support Beijing and Shanghai in developing into science and technology innovation centers, and support the construction of comprehensive national science centers in Huairou in Beijing, Zhangjiang in Shanghai, and Hefei in Anhui. We will see that scientific and technological innovation underpins the strategies on the development of the Yangtze Economic Belt and regional integration in the Yangtze River Delta. We will conduct research on and provide strong support to the initiative to develop the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area into an international science and technology innovation center, and make plans for building a national comprehensive science center in the area.

二是持續推進創新創業高質量發展。加快落實“雙創”升級版重點任務。進一步優化創新創業環境，推動落實各項創業扶持政策，健全公共服務體系，積極發展創業孵化基地等各類載體，打造展示交流和資源共享平臺。全面加強知識產權保護，建立覆蓋知識產權交易、評估等方面的服務體系，健全知識產權侵權懲罰性賠償制度。進一步完善支持創業投資發展的相關政策，鼓勵發行雙創專項金融債券、雙創孵化專項債券等。推動國家新興產業創業投資引導基金高效運營，構建新興領域創業投資聯盟。辦好2019年全國“雙創”活動周。

2) We will promote high-quality innovation and business startups. 

We will work quickly to implement major projects under the upgraded edition of the business startups and innovation initiative. To further improve the environment for making innovations and starting businesses, we will ensure the implementation of all policies on supporting business startups, refine our public service systems, develop all types of supportive platforms like business incubation centers, and also build platforms for exhibitions, exchanges, and resource sharing. 

We will take comprehensive measures to strengthen IPR protection, establish service systems covering intellectual property trade and assessment, and improve the punitive damages system for IPR infringements. 

We will further enhance policies to support venture capital, and encourage the issuance of special bonds by financial institutions for funding innovation and business startups and special bonds for funding innovation and business incubation. We will promote the efficient operation of the National Venture Capital Guide Fund for Emerging Industries, and build venture capital alliances for emerging industries. We will ensure this year's National Entrepreneurship and Innovation Week is a success.

三是扎實推進軍民融合深度發展。深入推進軍民融合重大示范項目和軍民融合創新示范區建設，推動軍民融合產業發展，充分發揮軍民融合對培育壯大經濟發展新動能的重要支撐作用。采取強有力的措施深入開展經濟建設項目貫徹國防要求試點，實現共建共享共用。健全軍民融合體制機制，破除“民參軍”壁壘，加大“軍轉民”力度。健全軍地兩用人才培養機制，暢通軍地人才雙向流動渠道。深入推進國防軍工生產能力建設，進一步優化國民經濟動員布局。推動軍民融合綜合性立法。持續深化軍工企業混合所有制改革試點。強化軍民科技成果雙向轉化應用。融合拓展國家軍民融合公共服務平臺功能。

3) We will make steady progress in deepening military-civilian integration. 

We will push ahead with major MCI demonstration projects and the construction of MCI innovation demonstration zones. We will promote military-civilian integration in industries to give full play to its important role in cultivating strong drivers of economic growth. 

We will take strong, wide-ranging measures in undertaking trials to enforce national defense requirements for economic projects, with a view to achieving shared benefits and applications through joint efforts of both sectors. MCI systems and mechanisms will be improved, so that barriers blocking civilian participation in military programs are eliminated, and more military technologies are put to civilian uses. We will improve mechanisms for training personnel competent for both military and civilian jobs and ensure channels are open for personnel movement between military and civilian sectors. We will continue to support the enhancement of production capacity in the defense industry, and improve plans for national economic mobilization. 

Steps will be taken to promote comprehensive legislation on military-civilian integration. Pilot reforms on mixed ownership in military industry enterprises will be deepened. We will support commercialization and application of military technological advances in the civilian sector, and vice versa. We will integrate and expand the functions of the national MCI public service platform. 

（五）持續深化重點領域改革。全面貫徹落實習近平總書記在慶祝改革開放40周年大會上的重要講話精神，持續強化改革牽引作用，以增強微觀主體活力為重點，推動經濟體制改革走深走實。

5. Consistently deepening reform in key areas

Fully implementing the guiding principles of General Secretary Xi Jinping's speech at the meeting marking the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up, we will continue to bolster the leading role of reform, and carry out deeper and more concrete economic structural reform with a focus on energizing micro entities.

一是深化“放管服”改革。加快完善中國營商環境評價體系，健全評價分析系統，在直轄市、計劃單列市、部分省會城市和地級市開展營商環境試評價，推動全國范圍營商環境實現較大幅度改善，降低制度性交易成本。持續推動市場準入負面清單制度全面實施，建立健全清單動態調整機制，不斷完善清單信息公開機制，推動“非禁即入”普遍落實。再推動取消一批行政許可等事項，加快清理各類變相審批和許可，壓減規范行政處罰事項，大幅壓縮工程建設項目審批時間，壓縮開辦企業、注冊商標、登記財產、獲得電力、跨境貿易等事項的辦理環節、時限和成本，進一步清理規范各類行政審批中介服務事項，全面推開行業協會商會與行政機關脫鉤改革，打造法治化、國際化、便利化的營商環境。深化商事制度改革，積極推進“證照分離”改革全覆蓋，深入推行企業注銷便利化改革，繼續壓縮專利審查和商標注冊時間。加快健全以“雙隨機、一公開”為基本手段、以重點監管為補充、以信用監管為基礎的新型監管機制，在市場監管領域推進跨部門“雙隨機、一公開”監管，加強反壟斷和反不正當競爭執法。大力推動“互聯網+政務服務”，加快“數字政府”建設，抓緊建成全國一體化在線政務服務平臺，加快實現一網通辦、異地可辦。出臺國家政務信息系統管理辦法，建立完善國家政務信息系統清單管理機制。

1) We will deepen reforms to streamline administration, delegate powers, improve regulation, and upgrade services. 

To bring about a marked improvement in the national business environment, we will act quickly to enhance China's business environment assessment system, refine assessment and analysis systems, and begin pilot business environment assessments in municipalities directly under the central government, cities specifically designated in the state plan, some provincial capitals, and some prefecture-level cities. This will also help reduce government-imposed transaction costs.

We will continue promoting full implementation of the market access negative list system. We will establish a dynamic mechanism for adjusting the list, make further improvements to the system for publishing list-related information, and make sure all sectors not restricted by the list are accessible. 

We will once again abolish a slew of administrative approval items, promptly overhaul all stealth approval and permit procedures, and reduce and standardize administrative penalty items. We will further cut the time it takes to approve a construction project, and cut the steps, the time, and the costs involved in starting businesses, registering trademarks and property, getting electricity, and trading across borders. We will further overhaul and standardize all types of intermediary services needed for obtaining government approval, and move forward across the board with untying industry associations and chambers of commerce from the government. All these efforts will help create an enabling environment for businesses that is consistent with the rule of law and international practices.

We will deepen institutional reforms in the business sector, implement the reform to separate out the business license from certificates required for starting a business across the country, advance the reforms on making it easier to cancel market entities, and scale back the time required for patent review and trademark registration.

We will move faster to improve the new-type oversight mechanism, which is centered on oversight of credibility, supplemented by oversight of major areas, and based on the model using randomly selected inspectors to inspect randomly selected entities and requiring the prompt release of results. In terms of market regulation, we will promote the adoption of the above-mentioned model across departments, and step up law enforcement to combat monopolistic pricing and unfair competition. A big push will be made to continue rolling out the Internet Plus Government Services model, and quickly build a digital government. We will move quickly to set up a national unified online government service platform to see that all government services are accessible online and trans-regionally. Management provisions for government information systems will be unveiled, and a robust list-based management mechanism for government information systems will be established.

二是推進國資國企改革。扎實推進國企改革“1+N”政策文件落實落地和各項改革試點經驗成果的推廣應用，出臺改革國有資本授權經營體制方案，深化綜合性改革，建立職業經理人等制度，培育世界一流企業。推進重要領域混合所有制改革，完善員工持股等配套政策，加快推進一般競爭性領域國有企業混合所有制改革，積極推動民營企業參與國有企業改革。堅持做強做優做大國有資本，推動國有經濟戰略性重組和布局優化，加快實現從管企業向管資本轉變，改組成立一批國有資本投資公司，組建一批國有資本運營公司，推動國有資本投資、運營公司試點取得更大成效。研究擴大國有資本經營預算實施范圍，提高國有資本經營預算調入一般公共預算的比例。繼續分批推動劃轉部分國有資本充實社保基金。深入推進國有企業工資決定機制改革。

2) We will promote state capital and SOE reforms. 

We will steadily implement the guidelines and supplementary documents on deepening reform of SOEs and promote extensive application of successful outcomes from pilot reforms. We will draw up plans on reforming the system for authorized operations of state capital, deepen comprehensive reform, establish a system of professional managers, and strive to foster world-class enterprises. We will push ahead with trial reforms on mixed ownership in key fields, improve supplementary policies on employee equity stakes and other issues, accelerate reforms in general sectors of competition, and encourage private enterprises to actively participate in SOE reform. 

We will remain committed to strengthening, expanding, and increasing the returns on state capital, and press ahead with the strategic reorganization of the state-owned sector of the economy to improve its layout. To more quickly shift the focus of oversight from enterprises to capital, we will establish a number of state capital investment companies through reorganizations as well as a number of state capital management companies, and see that better results are achieved in the trial reforms on state capital investment and management companies. We will conduct research on expanding the scope of the state capital operations budget, and raise the proportion of funds allocated from this budget to the general public budget. We will continue the work of transferring a portion of state capital into social security funds in tranches. We will push forward the reform on improving the salary-setting mechanisms of SOEs.

三是深化重點行業改革。深化石油天然氣體制改革，組建國家石油天然氣管網公司，實現管輸和銷售分開。放開油氣勘查開采準入限制，積極吸引社會資本加大油氣勘查開采力度。深化電力體制改革，推動交易機構獨立規范運行，加快推進電力市場化交易，穩步推進電力現貨市場建設試點，擴大增量配電業務改革試點。在加強成本監審調查基礎上，深入推進第二個監管周期輸配電價改革，繼續推進石油、天然氣、交通運輸等重點領域價格改革。深化郵政和煙草體制改革。

3) We will deepen reform in key industries. 

We will carry out structural reform of the petroleum and natural gas industries, and establish a national oil and gas pipeline corporation so as to separate transportation and marketing. We will lift restrictions on access to petroleum and natural gas exploration and exploitation, and actively encourage private investors to step up exploration and exploitation activities. 

We will promote further reform of the electricity industry, and support independent and procedure-based operations by electricity trading agencies. We will move swiftly in making electricity transactions market-based, steadily establish pilot markets for spot trading of electricity, and expand trial reforms on raising the number of electricity distributors. We will make further strides in reforming electricity transmission and distribution pricing during the second regulatory period, which will be based on cost monitoring, review, and investigation.

We will make more progress in price reforms in key sectors such as petroleum, natural gas, and transportation, and further structural reforms of postal services and the tobacco industry.

四是優化要素市場化配置。制定關于完善要素市場化配置的意見，健全要素市場準入、監管、退出制度。深入推進人力資源市場建設，促進人力資源自由有序流動。完善投融資體制機制，加快投融資服務引導轉型，持續規范簡化投資審批，深化企業投資項目承諾制改革。擴大國有土地有償使用范圍，深化工業用地市場化配置改革試點，推進工業用地一級市場多種方式出讓和二級市場有序流轉，進一步深入推進農村集體經營性建設用地入市。推進公共資源交易平臺整合共享。深化技術要素市場化配置，探索職務科技成果產權制度改革。推進數據信息要素市場化配置，完善個人信息授權和大數據交易制度。

4) We will optimize the market-based mechanisms for allocating factors of production. 

We will formulate guidelines on improving market-based allocation of factors of production, and improve systems for accessing, regulating, and exiting the market. We will do more to develop human resources markets and to promote free and orderly flows of human resources. To refine investment and financing systems and mechanisms, we will work faster to guide the transformation of investment and financing services, continue to standardize and streamline investment approval procedures, and deepen the reform to introduce a business-invested project commitment system. 

To expand the paid use of state-owned land, we will push ahead the pilot reform for allowing the market to allocate land designated for industrial purposes, promote the sale of such land through various means in the primary market and the orderly transfer of its use rights in the secondary market, and move forward with the marketization of rural collective land designated for business-related construction. 

We will proceed with the integration and sharing of trading platforms for public resources. We will promote market-based allocation of technologies, and make explorations on reform of the system for property rights of scientific and technological outputs produced on the job. We will push ahead with market-based allocation of data and information, and improve the system for personal information authorization and big data trading.

五是深化財稅金融體制改革。制定應急救援、自然資源等領域中央與地方財政事權和支出責任劃分改革方案。健全地方稅體系，推進中央和地方收入劃分改革，全面實施預算績效管理。深化增值稅改革，逐步建立期末留抵退稅制度。在上海證券交易所設立科創板并試點注冊制，健全上市公司股份回購制度，進一步完善上市公司現金分紅和退出機制。健全貨幣政策和宏觀審慎政策雙支柱調控框架，將更多金融活動、金融市場、金融機構和金融基礎設施納入宏觀審慎政策框架。完善全口徑外債和跨境資本監管體系。改革完善地方金融監管體制，堅決打擊非法金融機構和非法金融活動。

5) We will deepen the fiscal, tax, and financial reforms. 

We will draw up reform plans for appropriately dividing fiscal authority and spending responsibilities between the central and local governments in such fields as emergency rescue and natural resources. We will improve local tax systems, reform the practice of revenue sharing between the central and local governments, and implement performance-based budgetary management across the board. We will deepen VAT reform, and phase in a system to refund end-of-tax-period VAT credits. 

We will set up a Science and Technology Innovation Board at Shanghai Stock Exchange and launch trials for a registration-based IPO system. For listed companies, we will improve the share repurchase system and refine the cash dividend mechanism and delisting system. 

We will improve the regulatory framework underpinned by monetary and macro-prudential policies, and bring more financial activities, markets, institutions, and infrastructure into the macro-prudential policy framework. Improvements will be made to the systems for unified monitoring and management of foreign debt and cross-border capital. Reforms will be carried out to refine the local financial regulatory system, and steps will be taken to crack down on illegal financial institutions and activities.

（六）推進更高水平對外開放。扎實推進共建“一帶一路”，在更深層次、更寬領域、以更大力度推進全方位高水平開放。

6. Pursuing higher-level opening up

We will step up cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, and pursue high-standard, all-round opening up in more sectors and in a more thorough fashion.

一是深入推進“一帶一路”國際合作。辦好第二屆“一帶一路”國際合作高峰論壇。加強我國與沿線國家的發展規劃對接。以基礎設施等重大項目建設和產能合作為重點，解決好金融支撐、投資環境、風險管控、安全保障等關鍵問題，加強文化交流與人才合作，確保更多合作成果落地。深入推進數字絲綢之路建設合作，推動中國－東盟智慧城市網絡合作。高質量建設境外經貿合作區、產能合作園區等平臺。推動中歐班列高質量發展，加快“絲路電商”全球布局。務實推進與法國、德國、日本、新加坡等國家第三方市場合作和創新合作，積極推進與太平洋島國的經貿、旅游等務實合作。加快沿邊開發開放步伐，推動沿邊重點開發開放試驗區和跨境經濟合作區建設。支持東北地區打造我國向北開放的重要窗口和東北亞地區合作的中心樞紐。

1) We will promote international cooperation under the BRI. 

We will ensure the success of the second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation to be held this year. We will seek coordination between China's development plans and those of other countries along the BRI routes. Focusing on major projects, including infrastructure construction, and industrial-capacity cooperation, we will address key problems such as those related to financial support, investment environments, risk management, and security, strengthen cultural exchanges and cooperation on personnel training, and ensure cooperation produces more results. We will promote greater cooperation on the development of the Digital Silk Road and advance cooperation between China and ASEAN on creating a smart cities network. 

We will build high-quality overseas platforms such as economic and trade cooperation zones and industrial-capacity cooperation parks and zones. We will promote high-quality development of China-Europe freight train services, and work to promote Silk Road E-Commerce across the globe. We will take substantive strides with France, Germany, Japan, Singapore, and other countries on third-market cooperation and innovation cooperation, and we will vigorously promote cooperation with Pacific island countries on the economy, trade, and tourism. 

To accelerate their development and opening up, we will see that border areas move forward with the construction of key experimental development and opening up zones and cross-border economic cooperation zones. We will support Northeast China to develop itself as a major window for northward opening up and a hub for cooperation with Northeast Asia.

二是著力穩外貿。進一步壓縮整體通關時間，降低進出口合規成本，大力推進“經認證的經營者”（AEO）國際互認合作，提升貿易便利化水平。加大對出口信用保險保單融資、出口退稅賬戶質押融資等政策支持力度，推動出口市場多元化。辦好第二屆中國國際進口博覽會，增加先進技術設備、關鍵零部件以及短缺的能源資源、農產品進口，促進對外貿易平衡發展。優化進出口結構，鞏固傳統競爭優勢，加快培育以技術、標準、品牌、質量、服務為核心的綜合競爭優勢，促進服務貿易創新發展，加快服務外包轉型升級，積極發展跨境電商，推動外貿向質量效益型轉變。

2) We will work for steady growth in foreign trade. 

We will further reduce the customs clearance time, lower compliance costs for imports and exports, and take strong steps to promote international mutual accreditation of and cooperation on Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) programs in order to further facilitate trade. We will provide greater support for policies on export credit insurance financing and export tax rebate pledged financing. We will work to diversify export markets. 

We will ensure the success of the second China International Import Expo this year, and increase imports of advanced technology and equipment, key parts and components, energy and resources in short supply, and agricultural products. These actions will help promote the balanced development of foreign trade. Working to optimize the import and export mix, we will consolidate traditional competitive edges, and move faster to foster our overall competitive strength with technology, standards, brands, quality, and services as core strengths. We will create new ways of promoting trade in services, step up work to transform and upgrade outsourcing services, develop cross-border e-commerce, and strive to see foreign trade develop in a quality- and performance-oriented way. 

三是加大吸引外資力度。出臺實施外商投資法，縮減外商投資準入負面清單，全面清理取消負面清單以外領域針對外資設置的準入限制。穩步推進金融業開放，吸引更多長期資金流入，有效發揮國際長期資本的作用。制定鼓勵外商投資產業目錄，擴大鼓勵外商投資范圍，吸引跨國公司來華投資并設立生產研發基地。健全外資項目服務機制，推動一批規模大、示范性強的重點項目落地。完善外資安全審查機制。穩步推進外債登記制管理改革，提升監管水平。推進國家級經開區、高新區等各類開發區創新提升，增強輻射帶動作用。研究出臺推動自貿試驗區進一步擴大開放和創新發展的改革措施。增設上海自貿試驗區新片區，將支持自貿試驗區及全面創新改革試驗區的出入境政策措施推廣至全國。深入落實支持海南全面深化改革開放的各項政策舉措，高質量建設全島自貿試驗區，探索建設中國特色自由貿易港。

3) We will work harder to attract foreign investment. 

We will enact the Foreign Investment Law, shorten the negative list for foreign investment, and thoroughly review and remove restrictions on market access for foreign investment to sectors which are not on the list. We will steadily open the financial sector, attract greater inflows of long-term funding, and give play to the effective role of long-term international capital. We will draw up a catalog of industries for foreign investment, attract investment in a broader range of sectors, and encourage multinational companies to invest in China and set up production and R&D centers. 

We will improve the service mechanisms for foreign-invested projects, and work to implement a number of key, large projects that can play a strongly demonstrative role. We will refine the system for conducting security reviews of foreign investments. Steady progress will be made in reforming the foreign-debt registration system to ensure a higher level of supervision and management. 

We will promote innovations and upgrading in all types of development zones, including state-level economic development zones and high-tech development zones, to give better play to their role of leading development. Reform measures will be devised to support pilot free trade zones in opening wider and pursuing innovation-driven development. We will see an expansion of the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, and support the nationwide application of entry and exit policies developed in pilot free trade zones and pilot reform zones for comprehensive innovation. We will fully implement policies and measures on supporting Hainan in furthering its reform and opening up on every front, work for the high-quality development of China (Hainan) Pilot Free Trade Zone, and make explorations on setting up free trade ports with Chinese features.

四是促進對外投資平穩健康發展。加快制定境外投資條例，完善境外投資服務和監管。推動企業加強合規管理，規范企業境外經營秩序，實行守信聯合激勵和失信聯合懲戒。加強“走出去”公共服務平臺建設，建立部門間信息統一歸集和共享機制。推進安全風險防范體系建設，全面提高境外安全保障和應對風險能力。

4) We will promote the steady and sound development of outward investment. 

We will accelerate the work on formulating the Regulations on Outward Investment, and improve services for and regulation of outward investment. We will promote stronger compliance management among enterprises to ensure their overseas operations are run in a standardized and orderly manner, and give joint incentives to those that act in good faith and take joint punitive actions against those that act in bad faith. We will enhance the building of public service platforms for companies that "go global," and establish a unified, inter-departmental information collection and sharing system. We will work to strengthen the prevention and control system for security risks and raise our overall capacity to safeguard Chinese security and respond to risks overseas.

五是積極參與國際經貿規則變革完善。積極發展全球伙伴關系，充分利用國際平臺加強政策協調，擴大同各國的利益交匯點。積極參與世界貿易組織改革，堅定維護多邊貿易體制，主動參與多邊貿易規則制定，推動構建公正、合理、透明的國際經貿規則體系，維護支持貿易投資自由化便利化的合作方向。落實阿根廷中美元首會晤共識，穩妥推動中美經貿磋商。推動早日達成區域全面經濟伙伴關系協定，加快中歐投資協定談判和中日韓自由貿易區談判進程。

5) We will play an active role in the reform and improvement of international trade rules. 

China will be proactive about developing global partnerships, make full use of international platforms to enhance policy coordination, and expand converging interests with other countries. We will actively take part in reform of the WTO, firmly uphold the multilateral trading regime, play a positive role in the formulation of multilateral trade rules, and promote the establishment of a fair, reasonable, and transparent system of international trade rules. 

We will keep cooperation oriented toward supporting the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment. We will act on the consensus reached by the Chinese and US presidents in Argentina, and take appropriate steps to advance the China-US trade talks. We will work to realize the adoption of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement as soon as possible, and accelerate negotiations on investment agreements with the European Union and on establishing the China-Japan-RoK Free Trade Area.

（七）促進城鄉區域協調發展。圍繞解決發展不平衡不充分問題，推動鄉村振興和區域發展重大戰略落地見效，著力提升新型城鎮化質量，縮小城鄉區域發展差距。

7. Promoting coordinated urban-rural and regional development

Targeting the problems of unbalanced and inadequate development, we will ensure effective implementation of the strategies of rural revitalization and coordinated regional development, improve the quality of new urbanization, and narrow the disparities in development between rural and urban areas and between regions.

一是持續推進鄉村振興戰略。落實農業農村優先發展總方針，積極推動鄉村振興戰略規劃（2018－2022年）各項任務落地。加快編制村莊規劃，推進農村基礎設施和公共服務提擋升級，健全多元投入機制，促進路水電氣信等城鄉基礎設施一體規劃、互聯互通，推動公共服務向農村延伸、社會事業向農村覆蓋。大力支持農村飲水安全鞏固提升等工程建設。抓好農村人居環境整治三年行動，重點推進“廁所革命”，做好農村生活垃圾污水治理，推動垃圾分類和資源化利用，建設美麗鄉村。加快推進農村水土流失綜合治理，實施生態清潔小流域建設。完善縣鄉村物流基礎設施網絡，加強農產品物流骨干網絡和冷鏈物流體系建設，促進重要市政設施城鄉共用。實施村莊基礎設施建設工程，新建改建農村公路20萬公里。全面深化農村改革，深化農村土地征收制度改革，穩慎推進農村宅基地制度改革，推進房地一體的農村集體建設用地和宅基地使用權確權登記頒證，加快盤活利用閑置宅基地和閑置農房，推進農村集體產權制度改革。深化農墾改革發展。

1) We will continue with the rural revitalization strategy. 

Following the general principle of prioritizing agricultural and rural development, we will make good strides in completing the tasks in the Strategic Agenda for Rural Revitalization (2018-2022). We will accelerate the work on formulating village development plans, promote the upgrading of infrastructure and public services in rural areas, refine the diversified investment mechanism, and work toward integrated planning and connectivity for road, water, power, gas, and information infrastructure in urban and rural areas. Public services will cover more villages, and social programs will cover all rural areas. More support will be given to projects to build on the progress made in ensuring safe drinking water in rural areas. We will ensure good results in the three-year campaign to improve rural living environments, putting a focus on advancing the Toilet Revolution, and working to efficiently treat household waste and sewage, promote the sorting and recycling of rural waste, and make our villages beautiful. We will step up efforts to comprehensively tackle soil erosion in rural areas and ensure small water basins are ecologically clean. 

We will improve the infrastructure networks for logistics that cover counties, townships, and villages, speed up the building of backbone logistics networks and cold-chain logistics facilities for agricultural products, and promote the sharing of major municipal facilities between urban and rural areas. We will launch projects to improve village infrastructure, and build or upgrade 200,000 kilometers of rural roads.

We will deepen rural reforms on all fronts. We will push ahead reform on the rural land requisition system, advance the reform on rural land designated for housing in a steady, prudent manner, and continue the determination, registration, and certification of integrated housing ownership and land-use rights for rural collective land designated for construction and for rural land designated for housing. We will work quickly to put to good use idle land designated for housing and vacant dwellings, further reform the rural collective property rights system, and advance the reform of state farms on reclaimed land.

二是扎實推進以人為核心的新型城鎮化。建立健全城鄉融合發展體制機制和政策體系，推進城鄉融合發展。推動落實1億非戶籍人口在城市落戶目標，加快推進戶籍制度改革，推進租賃房屋的常住人口在城市公共戶口落戶。加快城市群一體化體制機制建設，增強中心城市輻射帶動力，加強交通設施聯通，優化產業布局。持續提升城市品質，推進城區老工業區、城鎮人口密集區危險化學品生產企業等搬遷改造，有序推動城市老舊小區改造，支持加裝電梯和無障礙環境建設，積極打造新型智慧城市，推進地下綜合管廊、海綿城市和城市排水防澇設施建設。規范有序建設特色小鎮。加快建立多元可持續的城鎮化資金保障機制。

2) We will make solid progress in people-centered new urbanization. 

We will set up robust institutions, mechanisms, and policy systems to promote integrated urban-rural development. Working toward the goal of granting urban residency to 100 million people, we will move faster to reform the household registration system, and allow permanent residents renting accommodation to register under the public residency category in cities.

We will accelerate the building of institutions and mechanisms for integrated growth in city clusters, and boost the role of principal cities in driving the development of surrounding areas by enhancing transportation connectivity and improving the layout of industries.

We will make consistent efforts to improve urban environments. We will move forward work on relocating and renovating old urban industrial areas and hazardous chemical plants located in densely-populated districts, and upgrade old residential quarters in an orderly way. We will encourage the installation of elevators in old residential buildings, and support efforts to develop a barrier-free environment for people with disabilities. We will actively foster new types of smart cities, and develop utility tunnels, sponge cities, and urban drainage and rainwater control facilities. We will encourage the well-regulated and well-ordered development of towns with distinctive features, and put in place diversified and sustainable funding mechanisms for urbanization.

三是著力推動區域協調發展。制定西部開發開放新的政策措施，推進西部大開發形成新格局，推動西部地區生態環境、營商環境、開放環境、創新環境明顯改善。支持東北地區深化改革創新推動高質量發展，加快落實優化營商環境、深化國企改革、促進民營經濟發展等政策舉措。支持中部地區發揮優勢，夯實制造業基礎，有力有序承接國內外產業轉移。支持中西部和東北地區建設科技成果轉移轉化示范區。推進實施淮河生態經濟帶發展規劃。加大力度支持革命老區、民族地區、邊疆地區、貧困地區加快發展，深入實施興邊富民行動，積極促進資源型地區經濟轉型發展。推動國家級新區高質量發展，積極推動和支持臨空經濟示范區、自主創新示范區等平臺建設。制定堅持陸海統籌、加快建設海洋強國政策及規劃，推動海洋經濟高質量發展。

3) We will make progress in coordinated regional development. 

We will formulate new policies and measures for development and opening up in the western region and work to create a new pattern of large-scale development in the region. Marked improvements will be made to the region's ecological environment as well as its environments for doing business, opening up, and innovating. 

We will support northeast China in deepening reform and innovation and pursuing high-quality development and move faster to enact policies and measures to enhance the local business environment, reform SOEs, and boost the private sector. 

We will support the central region to harness local strengths in consolidating the foundation of the manufacturing sector and accommodating industries relocated from other parts of China and abroad in an effective and orderly manner. We will support the central and western regions and northeast China in building demonstration zones for the transfer and commercialization of advances in science and technology. 

We will push forward implementation of the development plan for the Huai River Eco-Economic Belt. We will give stronger support to see faster development in old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations, border areas, and poor areas, boost development and improve living standards in border regions, and promote economic transformation and development in resource-dependent areas.

We will promote high-quality development of state-level new areas, and actively work to support the construction of airport economy demonstration zones, innovation demonstration zones, and other platforms.

We will formulate policies and plans on coordinating land and marine development and building China into a strong maritime country, and ensure high-quality development of the maritime economy.

四是深入實施國家重大區域戰略。促進京津冀協同發展，積極穩妥有序推進北京非首都功能疏解，出臺實施雄安新區相關規劃及改革開放配套實施方案，推進交通、生態、公共服務等基礎設施項目建設，持續推動北京城市副中心建設，建好首都水源涵養功能區與生態環境支撐區。深入推動長江經濟帶發展，按照統籌山水林田湖草系統治理的思路，扎實推進“三水共治”和生態環境治理“4+1”工程，發揮鐵路、公路、水運各自優勢整體設計綜合運輸體系。將長江三角洲區域一體化發展上升為國家戰略，制定實施發展規劃綱要。編制粵港澳大灣區產業發展、基礎設施、生態環境等專項規劃，支持深圳前海、廣州南沙、珠海橫琴等粵港澳合作發展平臺建設。

4) We will continue implementing major national strategies for regional development. 

Pursuing coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, we will continue relieving Beijing of functions non-essential to its role as China's capital in a proactive, prudent, and orderly manner; formulate development plans on the Xiongan New Area and supplementary guidelines on its reform and opening up; move forward with infrastructure projects on transportation, ecology, and public services; continue the construction of Beijing's administrative center in Tongzhou; and effectively develop zones for water source conservation and ecosystem and environment support for the capital.

We will advance the development of the Yangtze Economic Belt. In line with a holistic approach to the conservation of mountain, water, forest, farmland, lake, and grassland ecosystems, we will take solid steps to employ the three-fold approach of controlling water pollution, restoring water ecosystems, and conserving water resources, and the "4+1" project on treating urban sewage and garbage and curbing pollution from the chemicals industry, ships, agricultural non-point sources, and tailing sites. We will give play to the advantages of railways, highways, and water transportation in developing an integrated transportation system. In addition, we will upgrade the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta to a national strategy and formulate a development plan to this end.

We will draw up plans on industrial development, infrastructure, and ecological conservation and environmental protection for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and support the development of Shenzhen's Qianhai, Guangzhou's Nansha, and Zhuhai's Hengqin as platforms for cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao.

（八）切實保障和改善民生。堅持以人民為中心的發展思想，突出保基本兜底線，精心做好各項民生工作，實施好更具有普惠性和可持續性的社會政策。

8. Ensuring and improving people's wellbeing

Acting on the people-centered philosophy of development, we will ensure people's basic needs are met, do well the job of improving living standards, and introduce social policies that are more inclusive and sustainable.

一是扎實做好就業優先工作。加強對美貿易重點企業用工監測，完善風險應對預案，落實好受影響企業的援企穩崗等措施。扎實做好高校畢業生、退役軍人、農民工等重點群體就業工作，加強對城鎮各類就業困難人員的就業幫扶。深入實施高校畢業生就業創業促進計劃和基層成長計劃，啟動實施三年百萬青年見習計劃。加強對靈活就業、新就業形態的支持，鼓勵各地加快建設創業孵化載體，深入推進返鄉創業試點示范。不斷健全職業技能培訓制度，加快推行終身職業技能培訓制度。健全技術工人職業發展機制。組織實施公共職業技能培訓基礎平臺建設行動方案。加快產教融合實訓基地建設。大力弘揚工匠精神，積極推行企業新型學徒制。推進農民工職業技能提升計劃等專項培訓。繼續實施階段性降低失業保險費率政策，實質性擴大失業保險基金穩就業支出，全面落實失業保險基金穩崗返還政策。實施職業技能提升行動，從失業保險基金結余中拿出1000億元，用于1500萬人次以上的職工技能提升和轉崗轉業培訓。支持困難企業開展職工在崗培訓，加強失業人員職業技能培訓或創業培訓。對招用農村貧困人口、城鎮登記失業半年以上人員的各類企業，三年內給予定額稅費減免。加大對殘疾人等就業困難人群幫扶力度，確保零就業家庭動態清零。

1) We will put employment first. 

We will step up monitoring of the employment situation in major enterprises involved in the trade with the US, and set up sound contingency plans and take solid steps to support affected enterprises in keeping employment stable. We will carry out solid work on increasing employment for key groups such as college graduates, demobilized military personnel, and rural migrant workers, and provide stronger employment support for all types of urban residents having difficulty finding employment.

We will continue the initiatives to help college graduates find jobs, guide them in starting businesses, and encourage them to work at community level. A three-year program will be launched to provide internships for 1 million unemployed young people. We will increase support for flexible and new forms of employment, promote the establishment of business incubators across the country, and continue the pilot and demonstration programs on supporting rural migrant workers and others returning home to start businesses.

We will improve the vocational skills training system, and move faster to roll out a system for life-long training. Sound professional development mechanisms for skilled workers will be set up. We will begin work on implementing the action plan on building a basic platform for public vocational training, and move quickly to construct training centers for integrating vocational education with industry. We will keep working to foster a craftsmanship spirit, and introduce a new corporate apprenticeship model. We will promote specialized training programs to help migrant workers improve their skills. 

We will continue implementing the time-limited policy of reducing unemployment insurance premiums, substantially expand the scope of expenditures from unemployment insurance funds to ensure employment, and fully enforce the policy of refunding unemployment insurance premiums to help enterprises maintain stable employment. To implement vocational skills training initiatives, 100 billion yuan will be allocated from the balance of unemployment insurance funds for no less than 15 million places on training courses to improve vocational skills and provide reemployment training. We will support enterprises facing difficulties in providing on-the-job training, and give better training in professional skills and business startup to unemployed workers.

All types of enterprises that hire staff who are from rural poor populations or on the urban unemployment register for a minimum period of six months, will be eligible for fixed tax and fee deductions for three years. We will increase support to people with disabilities and others having difficulty finding jobs, and eliminate the phenomenon of zero-employment families.

二是進一步完善社會保障制度和政策。統籌推進多層次社會保障體系建設，推進以國家政務服務平臺為統一入口的社會保險公共服務平臺建設。研究制定建立退休人員基本養老金合理調整機制。推進貧困人口基本養老保險制度全覆蓋。落實企業職工基本養老保險基金中央調劑制度，加快完善養老保險省級統籌，落實降低社會保險費率相關工作。全面推進建立統一的城鄉居民基本醫療保險和大病保險制度。擴大長期護理保險制度試點。加強醫療保障基金監管。進一步推進跨省異地就醫直接結算。完善農村低保制度，健全低保對象認定辦法。完善失業保險制度，研究解決新業態從業人員中無工作單位人員的職業傷害保障問題。落實特困人員救助供養制度，加大臨時救助力度，優化救助方式和審核審批程序，認真執行社會救助和保障標準與物價上漲掛鉤聯動機制。持續開展農村危房改造，繼續做好棚戶區改造工作，進一步規范發展公租房。

2) We will improve the system and policies for social security. 

We will fully establish a multi-tiered social security system, and set up a social insurance public services platform, which is accessible through the national government service portal. We will work on establishing a mechanism for rational adjustments to basic pension benefits for retirees. We will make progress toward ensuring all people in poverty are covered under the basic old-age insurance scheme. We will implement the central regulation system for enterprise employees' basic old-age insurance funds, move faster to improve unified management of old-age insurance funds at the provincial level, and take steps to ensure reductions in social insurance premiums. 

We will take comprehensive moves to establish unified basic medical insurance and major disease insurance systems for rural and non-working urban residents. We will carry out trials for long-term care insurance schemes. We will tighten supervision over and management of medical insurance funds, and further improve the mechanism for trans-provincial on-the-spot settlement of medical bills via medical insurance accounts.

We will improve the system of subsistence allowances for rural residents, and modify the methods for determining eligibility. We will improve the unemployment insurance system, and work to resolve the problem of work-related injury insurance for people without fixed employers working in new forms of business. We will provide assistance and basic necessities to people in extreme poverty, increase temporary assistance, and improve assistance provision methods and the related review and approval procedures, and continue the practice of increasing social security assistance and benefit payments in step with price increases.

We will continue the renovation of dilapidated rural houses and run-down urban areas, and continue to develop public rental housing in a well-regulated manner.

三是深入推進公共服務補短板強弱項提質量。制定國家基本公共服務標準，推動各地區各領域標準規范做好銜接，實施社會領域公共服務補短板、強弱項、提質量行動方案。出臺實施促進3歲以下嬰幼兒照護服務發展的指導意見，著力增加托育服務有效供給。堅持教育優先發展。積極支持優質普惠學前教育資源擴容建設，堅持公辦民辦并舉，在持續辦好公辦幼兒園的同時，引導社會力量多舉辦普惠性幼兒園，加快完善普惠性民辦幼兒園認定標準、補助標準及扶持政策。繼續推進城鄉義務教育一體化發展，深入實施高中階段教育普及攻堅計劃，積極消除城鎮中小學“大班額”。持續改善貧困地區學校基本辦學條件，加大對農村貧困地區兒童早期發展的支持力度，強化農村和貧困地區控輟保學工作，加強鄉村教師隊伍建設。依法支持民辦教育發展。科學穩妥推進民族地區雙語教育。發展現代職業教育，改革高職院校考試招生辦法、辦學體制和育人機制，支持企業和社會力量興辦職業教育，加快學歷證書和職業技能等級證書互通銜接。加快“雙一流”建設，促進高等教育內涵式發展。實施好教育現代化推進工程。2019年，九年義務教育鞏固率預期達到94.6%，高中階段教育毛入學率預期達到89.4%，高職院校擴招100萬人，普通高等教育本專科招生預期達到870萬人，研究生招生預期達到93.3萬人。深化醫藥衛生體制改革。積極推動建立分級診療制度、現代醫院管理制度、全民醫療保障、藥品供應保障、醫療衛生行業綜合監管五項制度。發展“互聯網+醫療健康”，加快建立遠程醫療服務體系。穩步推進區域醫療中心規劃建設，加強鄉村醫生隊伍建設。加強重大疾病防治，繼續實施疑難病癥診治能力提升和中醫藥傳承創新工程。加快兒童藥物研發。加強罕見病用藥保障。深化醫保支付方式改革，優化醫保支出結構。堅持預防為主，加強公共衛生服務、職業病和地方病防治能力建設。抓好青少年近視防治。完善生育配套政策。加快完善疫苗藥品監管長效機制。進一步加強醫德醫風建設和醫療衛生領域失信治理。開展社會辦醫示范行動，制定促進健康產業高質量發展行動綱要。加強居民身心健康教育和自我健康管理。加強城鄉養老設施建設，積極引導民間資本和外資進入養老服務業，大力發展養老特別是社區養老服務業。推進實施社會服務兜底工程，提升老年人、殘疾人、困境兒童、農村留守兒童、精神障礙患者等困難群體服務設施建設水平。切實加強婦女、未成年人、殘疾人等社會群體權益保護。啟動實施積極應對人口老齡化中長期規劃。推動大運河文化帶建設，積極推進平安故宮、國家美術館、中國工藝美術館、國家圖書館國家文獻戰略儲備庫等重大文化項目建設。深入推進中華優秀傳統文化傳承發展，加強文物保護利用改革和歷史文化遺跡保護修復。繁榮發展哲學社會科學，建好中國特色新型智庫。倡導全民閱讀。大力推進實施全國紅色旅游經典景區三期總體建設方案。推動冬奧會場館建設，加大體育設施建設力度。辦好2019年北京世界園藝博覽會。嚴格落實安全生產責任制，完善安全監管體制，抓好食品藥品、交通等安全。

3) We will work hard to address inadequacies in public services, shore up points of weakness, and boost service quality.

We will formulate national standards for basic public services, promote greater cohesion in the standards and norms of different regions and sectors, and carry out an action plan to address inadequacies in public services, shore up points of weakness, and improve service quality.

We will issue the guidelines on promoting development of care services for children under three and ensure more effective supply of childcare. Top priority will be given to education. We will support efforts to make high-quality, public-interest preschool educational resources more broadly available, and support both public and privately-run kindergartens. While ensuring sound development of public kindergartens, we will encourage private entities to operate more public-interest kindergartens, and move quickly to set sound standards for accrediting private public-interest kindergartens, as well as subsidies and supportive policies for such kindergartens. 

We will continue pushing for integrated development of compulsory education in urban and rural areas, intensify efforts to universalize senior secondary education, and endeavor to put an end to big class sizes in urban primary and secondary schools. We will continue to improve the basic conditions of schools in poor areas, increase support for early education for children in poor rural areas, work on reducing the drop-out rate in rural and poor areas, and foster a stronger workforce of teachers in rural education. 

We will support the development of privately-run schools in accordance with the law. We will promote bilingual education in areas with large ethnic minority populations in a systematic and steady manner. In our efforts to develop modern vocational education, we will reform the enrolment procedures, operational mechanisms, and teaching methods of vocational colleges, support enterprises and private actors' participation in running vocational schools, and speed up work to align vocational technical grade certificates with academic credentials. We will accelerate the development of world-class universities and disciplines, and encourage universities to pursue intensive development. We will ensure progress in initiatives to modernize Chinese education.

In 2019, the retention rate of nine-year compulsory education is expected to reach 94.6%, the gross enrollment ratio for senior secondary education is expected to reach 89.4%, the number of students enrolled in vocational colleges will grow by 1 million, and regular institutions of higher learning are projected to enroll 8.7 million undergraduate students and 933,000 graduate students.

Reform of the medical and health care system will be deepened. We will make a concerted push to establish the five systems of tiered diagnosis and treatment, modern hospital management, universal health insurance, medicine supplies, and comprehensive healthcare oversight. We will develop Internet Plus Healthcare models, and quickly establish a telemedicine service system. We will make steady progress in planning and building regional medical centers, and build up the ranks of rural doctors. We will step up prevention and treatment of major diseases, and continue the projects on enhancing China's ability to diagnose and treat difficult and complicated diseases and on preserving and making new advances in traditional Chinese medicine. R&D on pediatric medications will advance at a faster pace, and the supply of medicines for rare diseases will be better guaranteed. Reform of medical insurance payouts will be furthered, and their composition will be improved. With the emphasis on prevention, we will enhance our capacity to provide public health services and to prevent and treat occupational and endemic diseases. Effective measures will be taken to prevent and control myopia among teenagers; and supplementary childbirth policies will be improved. We will redouble our efforts to improve the long-term mechanism for supervision over vaccines and drugs, and intensify work on strengthening professional ethics and work practices and addressing failures to act in good faith in the healthcare sector. We will take actions to develop model private hospitals, and formulate an action plan on promoting high-quality development of the health industry. We will step up public education on physical and mental health and the management of personal health. 

We will take stronger steps to develop urban and rural elderly care facilities, encourage the investment of private and foreign capital in elderly care services, and make a big push to develop elderly care services, particularly at the community level. We will ensure the provision of social services to those most in need, and upgrade service facilities for the elderly, people with disabilities, children living in difficulties, children remaining in rural areas while their parents work in cities, people with mental illness, and other vulnerable groups. We will do more to protect the rights and interests of women, minors, people with disabilities, and other groups. The medium- and long-term plan on population aging will be issued for implementation.

We will develop the Grand Canal cultural belt, and move ahead with major cultural projects such as the restoration and conservation of the Palace Museum, the National Art Museum of China, the China National Arts and Crafts Museum, and the National Library's national archive of strategically important documents. We will do more to see that fine traditional Chinese culture is preserved and carried forward. We will carry out reforms to ensure that China's cultural relics are effectively protected and put to proper use, and step up the protection and restoration of historical and cultural heritage sites. We will see that philosophy and the social sciences flourish, and develop new types of distinctively Chinese think tanks. We will foster a love of reading in our people. 

We will support the implementation of phase three of the national general plan for the development of symbolic sites important in early CPC history. We will move forward with the construction of venues for the 2022 Winter Olympics and other sports facilities. We will ensure the success of the International Horticultural Exhibition 2019, Beijing.

We will strictly enforce the accountability system for workplace safety, improve safety-related oversight institutions, and enhance food, drug, and traffic safety.

進一步支持香港、澳門融入國家發展大局，加快推進粵港澳大灣區規劃建設，實施好港澳居民證件便利化、進一步便利港澳居民到內地創業就業、降低粵港澳通信漫游費用等政策措施。支持香港、澳門參與國家經濟高質量發展和新一輪高水平開放，努力把香港、澳門打造成國家雙向開放的重要區域。支持香港提升國際金融、航運、貿易中心地位，促進香港同內地加強科技合作，支持香港建設國際創新科技中心。支持澳門加強世界旅游休閑中心、中葡商貿合作服務平臺建設，打造中醫藥科技產業發展平臺，支持澳門打造以中華文化為主流、多元文化共存的交流合作基地。擴大海峽兩岸交流合作、深化兩岸融合發展，持續落實促進兩岸經濟文化交流合作的31條措施，推出更多惠及臺灣同胞的政策措施，為臺胞臺企在大陸實現更好發展創造條件。

We will give more support to Hong Kong and Macao in integrating themselves into the overall development of the country, and accelerate the planning and development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. We will carry out policies and measures to make it easier for Hong Kong and Macao residents to apply for mainland residence permits and to pursue development on the mainland. Roaming rates in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao area will be cut. We will support Hong Kong and Macao in participating in national high-quality economic development and in the new round of high-standard opening up, and strive to see them develop into important regions for China's two-way opening up.

We will support Hong Kong in its efforts to raise its standing as an international financial, shipping, and trade center, promote Hong Kong's cooperation with the mainland in science and technology, and support Hong Kong in developing itself as an international center for innovation in science and technology.

We will support Macao in building itself into a world tourism and leisure center, in serving as a platform for business and trade cooperation between China and Lusophone countries, in building itself as a hub for scientific and industrial development of traditional Chinese medicine, and in developing itself as an exchange and cooperation base where Chinese culture is prevalent and diverse cultures coexist.

We will expand cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation, deepen integrated development between the two sides of the Straits, and continue to implement the 31 measures designed to boost cross-Straits economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation. We will bring forward more policies and measures to benefit our Taiwan compatriots and create conditions for them and their businesses to achieve better development on the mainland.

各位代表，做好2019年經濟社會發展工作意義重大，任務艱巨。我們要更加緊密地團結在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央周圍，高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，以習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想為指導，按照黨中央、國務院決策部署，自覺接受全國人大的監督，虛心聽取全國政協的意見和建議，敢于擔當、真抓實干，自力更生、艱苦奮斗，改革創新、攻堅克難，促進經濟社會平穩健康可持續發展，以優異成績慶祝中華人民共和國成立70周年！

Esteemed Deputies,

Accomplishing the work for economic and social development in 2019 is both a demanding and important task. We will unite even closer around the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and follow the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. In line with the CPC Central Committee and the State Council's decisions and plans, we will consciously accept the oversight of the NPC, and seek comments and suggestions from the CPPCC National Committee.

Let us shoulder our responsibilities, fulfill our duties, be self-reliant and hard-working, carry out reform and innovation, tackle tough issues, and promote steady, sound, and sustainable economic and social development, so as to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China with outstanding achievements.

（注：本文省略了原文中的圖表和專欄）

(Note: Charts, tables and boxes omitted)

（來源：新華網）

(Source: Xinhua)