嚴重歧視與殘酷對待移民充分暴露“美式人權”的偽善 

中國人權研究會 

2020年7月

Serious Discrimination Against and Cruel Treatment of Immigrants Fully Expose Hypocrisy of "US-Style Human Rights" 

The China Society for Human Rights Studies (CSHRS) 

July 2020 

美國是一個主要由外來移民及其后代組成的國家。然而，從歷史到今天，美國針對移民的宗教偏見、文化歧視、種族排斥亦如影隨形，且呈愈演愈烈之勢。為美國做出巨大貢獻的移民被視作威脅其政治制度、給國家財政和福利造成負擔的外來者，成為被排斥與迫害的犧牲品。自2017年7月以來，美國移民當局違反國際人權法及國際人道主義，在南部邊境地區強行將5400多名兒童與身為難民或非法移民的父母分開關押，造成骨肉分離，多名兒童在拘押期間死亡。2019年，總共有85萬移民在美國南部邊境地區遭到逮捕，他們大多遭受粗暴對待，人權遭到肆意踐踏。2020年新冠肺炎疫情暴發以來，美國政府應對疫情不力使之淪為世界上疫情最嚴重的國家，美國關押移民的拘留場所成為新冠病毒傳播的“重災區”，美國政府還在疫情蔓延之際強行遣返大批非法移民，加重了中美洲國家的疫情風險。美國政府侵犯移民權利特別是移民兒童權利的政策在美國國內和國際社會遭到強烈批評和譴責。

The United States is a nation mainly composed of immigrants and their descendants. Unfortunately, as time has gone by, the religious, cultural, and racial discrimination against immigrants has kept developing and become increasingly intense. Immigrants who have made a huge contribution to the United States come to be regarded as outsiders who threaten the US political system and burden the country's finances and welfare. Immigrants used to be and will continue to be the victims of exclusion and persecution. Since July 2017, in violation of international human rights laws and international humanitarianism, the US immigration authorities have forcibly separated more than 5,400 children from their parents who are refugees or illegal immigrants in the southern border area, causing the painful separation of families as well as many child deaths in custody. In 2019, a total of 850,000 immigrants were arrested in the southern border area of the United States. Most of them suffered rough, insulting treatment and their human rights were trampled on. Due to its government's ineffective anti-pandemic efforts, the United States has unfortunately seen itself become the most seriously-affected country during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and its immigrant detention centers are the most severely-affected places in the country. Ignoring the risk of spreading the virus, the US government has even forcibly repatriated a large number of illegal immigrants, which has put the people in Central America at higher risk of contracting COVID-19. The US government's policies leading to the violation of the immigrants' rights, especially immigrant children's rights, have been strongly criticized and denounced both in the United States and in the international community.

一、美國極端排外的移民政策導致移民遭受嚴重歧視和殘酷對待

1. Extremely Harsh Immigration Policies Have Caused Severe Discrimination against and Cruel Treatment of Immigrants in the United States

美國政府將非法移民視為搶奪其民眾工作崗位、破壞其生活方式的禍源。為阻止移民流動和入境，美國政府采取了史無前例、極端的嚴厲措施和執法行動，包括過度使用武力、大規模實施逮捕、強制與家人分離、任意驅逐等，導致侵犯過境移民、難民人權和實施虐待的事件頻繁發生。

The US government regards illegal immigrants as troublemakers who rob US citizens of their jobs and disrupt their lifestyle. To prevent them from entering and moving around the country, the US government has adopted unprecedentedly severe measures and law-enforcement actions, including excessive use of force, large-scale arrests, forced separation from family members, and arbitrary deportations. Violations of transit migrants' and refugees' human rights have occurred frequently.

美國政府暴力對待移民，在邊境地區大規模地實施剝奪移民人身自由的逮捕與拘留。據統計，2019年前9個月，美國移民和海關執法局在西南部邊境逮捕的入境移民數量高達687000多人，超過了此前5年每一年的人數。其中，包括64000名無父母或者其他親屬陪伴的移民兒童。僅2019年5月，美國就逮捕移民133000人，為2006年以來的單月最高值。《華盛頓郵報》網站2019年2月22日報道稱，被美國移民和海關執法局逮捕與拘留的大多數移民并沒有犯罪記錄。

The US government has treated immigrants violently, and arrested and detained immigrants on a large scale in the border areas of the United States. According to statistics, during the first nine months of 2019, the number of immigrants arrested by the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) at the southwestern border of the United States reached as high as 687,000, exceeding the number of arrests in each of the previous five years. These 687,000 arrests included 64,000 immigrant minors who were unaccompanied by a parent or an immediate adult relative. In May 2019 alone, the United States arrested 133,000 immigrants, the highest monthly total of immigrant arrests since 2006. The website of The Washington Post reported on February 22, 2019, that most immigrants arrested and detained by the ICE had no criminal record. 

移民“零容忍”政策導致兒童與父母骨肉分離。美國政府2018年4月開始實施“零容忍”政策，邊境執法人員逮捕難民和非法入境者并強制將其未成年子女另行安置，導致至少2000名兒童被迫與家人分離。2018年6月2日，聯合國人權與國際團結問題獨立專家依照聯合國人權理事會第35/3號決議提交報告指出，美國政府將兒童與其尋求庇護的父母強行分開，嚴重危及移民的生命權、尊嚴和自由權等多項人權。2019年9月，聯合國人權事務高級專員米歇爾·巴切萊特在人權理事會第42屆會議開幕式上指出，美國等一些國家目前正在實施的政策使移民人權遭受侵犯的風險大增，移民兒童繼續被美國關押在拘留中心，違反了兒童利益最大化原則。聯合國移民人權問題特別報告員莫拉萊斯呼吁美國停止基于移民身份對無人陪伴以及與家人同行的兒童實施拘禁。他表示，基于移民身份對兒童實施監禁違反國際法，有損兒童的福祉，將對兒童產生長期嚴重的不利影響，不符合兒童利益最大化原則。

The "zero tolerance" immigration policy has resulted in the separation of children from their parents. Given the US government's "zero tolerance" immigration policy, which began in April 2018, law-enforcement officers at the border arrested refugees and illegal immigrants and forcibly resettled their minor children, causing at least 2,000 children to be separated from their families. On June 2, 2018, the UN Independent Expert on human rights and international solidarity submitted a report in accordance with the UN Human Rights Council's 35/3 resolution, stating that the US government's act of forcibly separating children from their asylum-seeking parents seriously harmed the immigrants' right to life, dignity, freedom, and other human rights. In September 2019, Michelle Bachelet, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, pointed out at the opening ceremony of the 42nd session of the Human Rights Council that the policies currently being implemented in some countries such as the United States greatly increased the risk of violating immigrants' human rights, and that the Unites States' practice of holding migrant minors in detention centers violated the best interest of the child principle, formulated in Article 3:1 of the United Nations Convention for the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). Felipe Gonzalez Morales, the UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, called on the United States to stop detaining immigrant minors, whether accompanied or unaccompanied. According to him, the immigration-induced imprisonment of minors violates international law, harms the minors' well-being, and will have long-term serious adverse effects on them, which is not in line with the best interest of the child principle.

移民及兒童遭受非人道待遇，生命權、健康權等基本人權受到嚴重侵犯。《紐約時報》網站2019年6月21日和26日報道，美國國土安全部監察員報告顯示，埃爾帕索邊境收容所處于過度擁擠的危險狀況，多達900名移民被關押在一個設計容納125人的拘禁場所中。一些人被關押在只有站立條件的房間長達數天或幾個星期。由律師、醫生、記者等組成的檢查團在考察得克薩斯州克林特邊境收容所的拘留場所時發現，移民兒童身處監獄般的環境中，300多個兒童被關押在一個牢房中，幾乎沒有成年人監管。《時代》周刊網站2019年7月10日報道，美國移民和海關執法局及其他聯邦機構管理的移民拘留中心人滿為患，衛生條件很差。自2018年以來，共有包括7名兒童在內的24名移民在美國邊境收容所拘留期間死亡。聯合國人權高專辦網站2019年7月8日報道，聯合國人權事務高級專員米歇爾·巴切萊特對拘留中心臟亂擁擠、缺醫少食的惡劣條件深感震驚，指出那里的移民兒童可能受到國際法所禁止的殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的對待。美國關押移民的拘留場所在新冠肺炎疫情中成為新冠病毒傳播的“重災區”。哥倫比亞廣播公司2020年5月15日報道，美國移民拘留中心出現聚集性感染新冠肺炎的情況，至少有986名移民病毒檢測呈陽性。聯合國移民人權問題特別報告員莫拉萊斯等多位聯合國人權專家2020年4月27日發表聯合聲明，要求美國政府將移民從人滿為患且衛生條件惡劣的拘留中心轉移；5月29日，聯合國人權理事會15名特別機制專家發表聯合聲明，敦促美國采取更多措施，防止疫情在拘留中心暴發。

Immigrants, including immigrant children, are subjected to inhumane treatment, with their basic human rights, such as the right to life and right to health, being seriously violated. As reported by the website of The New York Times on June 21 and 26, 2019, a report made by an inspector of the Department of Homeland Security exposed that an El Paso border shelter was dangerously overcrowded, with up to 900 immigrants being detained in a detention center designed to accommodate 125 people, and some of them being detained in rooms where they could only stand for days or weeks. When inspecting the detention centers at a Clint border shelter in Texas, an inspection team consisting of lawyers, doctors, and journalists found that migrant children were in a prison-like environment, and more than 300 children were detained in a cell without adult supervision. The website of Time magazine reported on July 10, 2019, that immigration detention centers managed by the ICE and other federal agencies were overcrowded and had poor sanitary conditions. Since 2018, a total of 24 immigrants, including 7 children, have died while being detained at US border shelters. As reported by the website of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on July 8, 2019, Michelle Bachelet, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, felt deeply shocked by the harsh conditions of the detention centers, which were messy, crowded, and short of food and clothing, and pointed out that migrant children there could be subjected to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment prohibited by international law. The immigrant detention centers of the United States have become the places that are most affected by COVID-19 during the recent pandemic. According to a CBS report released on May 15, 2020, clusters of COVID-19 infections were apparent in the immigrant detention centers of the United States, where at least 986 immigrants had tested positive for COVID-19. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on human rights of migrants Felipe Gonzalez Morales and other UN human rights experts issued a joint statement on April 27, requesting the US government to transfer immigrants from overcrowded and insanitary detention centers. On May 29, 15 experts of the Special Procedures of the United Nations Human Rights Council issued a joint statement urging the United States to take more measures to prevent virus outbreaks in the detention centers.

尋求庇護的兒童遭受虐待和性侵，移民尊嚴受到踐踏。英國《獨立報》網站2018年5月23日報道，美國邊境執法人員虐待尋求庇護兒童的案件數量驚人增長。有116起虐待尋求庇護兒童的事件被披露，涉事人員被指控對5至17歲的兒童進行身體、性或心理上的虐待。《紐約時報》網站2018年11月12日報道，美國檢方提供的信息顯示，得克薩斯州南部過去4年至少有10人被邊境執法人員綁架、強奸或謀殺。美國有線電視新聞網2018年6月22日報道，一家兒童收容所的醫療記錄顯示，在押兒童被強迫注射了抗精神病藥和鎮靜劑。一份法庭記錄顯示，一名11歲女孩聲稱，她每天被要求服用10片藥片，服藥后會感到頭痛、食欲不振和惡心。在弗吉尼亞州雪蘭多亞山谷青少年收容中心，兒童被工作人員嘲弄、用筆刺傷、搶走衣服和床墊，甚至被迫戴上手銬。聯合國網站2020年5月21日報道，自3月以來，美國政府不顧疫情風險，將至少1000名無人陪伴的移民兒童遣送回中南美洲，聯合國兒童基金會批評此舉將導致兒童處于更大的危險之中。

Asylum-seeking children are subjected to abuse and sexual assault, and the dignity of migrants has been trampled on. As reported by the website of the British newspaper The Independent on May 23, 2018, the number of cases in which US border law-enforcement officers abused asylum-seeking children increased dramatically, and 116 such cases were disclosed with the involved officers being accused of physical, sexual, or psychological abuse of children aged 5 to 17. The website of The New York Times reported on November 12, 2018, that information provided by prosecutors showed that at least 10 people in southern Texas had been abducted, raped, or murdered by border law-enforcement officers in the past four years. As reported by CNN on June 22, 2018, medical records at a child detention center showed that children in custody were forced to be injected with antipsychotics and sedatives. According to a court record, an 11-year-old girl claimed that she was required to take 10 tablets a day, which caused headaches, loss of appetite, and nausea. At the Shenandoah Valley Juvenile Center in Virginia, children were taunted, stabbed with pens, robbed of clothes and mattresses, and even handcuffed. The website of the United Nations reported on May 21, 2020, that since March, the US government had repatriated at least 1,000 unaccompanied immigrant children to Central and South America regardless of the risk of the pandemic. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) criticized this move, for it would expose the children to greater danger.

二、美國移民政策排外主義大行其道的原因

2. Many Reasons Lead to the Overflowing Xenophobia in US Immigration Policies

（一）美國聯邦最高法院為移民政策排外主義背書

(1) The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) Offers Its Endorsement for the Xenophobia Existing in US Immigration Policies

美國的締造者們認為，為了鞏固建國成果、開發土地擴張地盤，政府需要依賴外來移民帶來的人口增長和充沛的勞動力，因此鼓勵外來移民是國家利益的需要。與此同時，他們也對移民可能對美國政治生活產生何種影響疑慮重重。對移民外來民族特性的不容忍和疑慮，以及對外來民族特性進行同化的理想和自信，貫穿于美國移民制度的發展歷史，是決定美國政府排斥與同化外來移民的兩種對立政策的基準。

The founders of the country recognized that in order to consolidate the achievements of the founding of the country and to expand the territory of the country, the government had to rely on population growth and abundant labor resources brought by immigrants. Back then, for the sake of national interests, the United States encouraged immigration, but at the same time, they were concerned about how immigration might affect US political life. Two conflicting mentalities, namely intolerance and doubt concerning the ethnic characteristics of immigrants, and the ideal of and self-confidence in assimilating immigrants, have been embodied throughout the development history of the US immigration system. They have also become the theoretical basis for the US government's immigration policies featuring assimilation or exclusion of immigrants. 

進入19世紀，隨著越來越多的移民來到美國，美國國內拉開了結束自由移民轉而限制與排斥移民的時代序幕。19世紀末期，為了給當時歧視移民的臭名昭著的“排華法案”提供辯解，美國聯邦最高法院首次將“不能被同化的移民”與威脅美國安全的“侵略”行為聯系起來，為管控移民的聯邦立法和行政權創設了“全體權力原則”。1889年的“排華案”中，美國聯邦最高法院提出，美國存在不同種族的外國人，如他們不能被同化，將對美國的和平與安全構成威脅，美國政府有權將這些外國人排除在外，而且這種拒絕外國人入境的聯邦立法與行政權具有超越司法權的“全體權力”性質。1892年，美國聯邦最高法院在“西村案”判決中進一步明確了“全體權力”的概念。自此，有了全體權力原則“保駕護航”，美國移民政策大行排外主義，明目張膽地不斷歧視、排斥特定種族，卻不受憲法司法審查制度的制約。

Upon entering the 19th century, as more and more immigrants came to the United States, the era of free immigration was ended and another era featuring restriction on and exclusion of immigrants began. In the late 19th century, in order to justify the notorious racial discrimination act, the "Chinese Exclusion Act", the SCOTUS for the first time had linked "immigrants that could not be assimilated" with "aggression" that threatened US security. It also created the "principle of whole power" for the federal legislature and administration to curb immigration. In the "Chinese Exclusion Case" of 1889, the SCOTUS ruled that if foreigners of different races existing in the United States could not be assimilated, they would pose a threat to the peace and security of the United States, and thus the United States government had the right to exclude these foreigners, and this federal legislative and executive power to exclude these foreigners had a "whole power" nature that went beyond the judicial power. In 1892, the SCOTUS further clarified the concept of "whole power" in judging the West Village Case. Since then, with the principle of whole power, US immigration policies have begun blatantly embracing xenophobia, constantly discriminating against and excluding certain races, without being subjected to the constitutional judicial review system. 

2018年，美國聯邦最高法院再一次使用這一原則，為美國現任政府針對特定國家的“旅行禁令”背書。2017年1月27日，美國政府發布一項行政命令，禁止伊朗、伊拉克、利比亞、索馬里、蘇丹、敘利亞和也門等7個國家的公民進入美國。由于禁令所涉國家均以穆斯林人口為主，因此該行政令也被普遍解讀為“穆斯林禁令”。這一禁令在美國國內和世界各地都引發了廣泛抗議。盡管美國政府兩次更改旅行禁令內容，但主要針對穆斯林國家的基調不變。夏威夷州以該禁令違反美國憲法和移民法律為由向聯邦法院提起訴訟。2018年6月，美國聯邦最高法院以5票支持、4票反對的結果裁定支持最終版本旅行禁令。該判決在美國國內引起了很大爭議。埃及《第七日報》評論稱，美國政府的旅行禁令得到聯邦最高法院的同意而全面生效，很多中東國家對此表示失望和憤怒。

In 2018, the SCOTUS once again used this principle to endorse the current US government's "travel ban" for specific countries. On January 27, 2017, the US government issued an executive order prohibiting citizens of seven countries, namely Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen, from entering the United States. As the seven countries covered by the ban are majority-Muslim countries, the executive order is also widely interpreted as a "Muslim ban". This ban has sparked widespread protests in the United States and around the world. Although the content of the travel ban has been modified twice by the US government, it is still unfairly and discriminately targeting Muslim countries. The state of Hawaii has filed a lawsuit in federal court over the travel ban, accusing the ban of violating the US Constitution and immigration laws. In June 2018, the SCOTUS ruled in favor of the final version of the travel ban with 5 votes in favor and 4 votes against. The verdict has caused much controversy in the United States. As Youm7 (or Seventh Day), a daily of Egypt, commented, many Middle East countries expressed disappointment and anger when the US government's travel ban was in full effect with the consent of the SCOTUS. 

美國聯邦最高法院通過一系列判例將聯邦政府在移民領域的“全體權力”打造為國家自衛的工具，用來對抗外國移民的“侵略”，并且將權力范疇從拒絕移民入境權擴大到對已入境移民的驅逐權。有了聯邦最高法院判決，聯邦政府權力在移民領域成為專門為“政治部門”保留、脫離憲法監督的“法外之地”，這是美國移民政策排外主義存在、延續以至在特定時期狂飆的制度根源。

Through a series of judicial practice and legal precedents, the SCOTUS has turned the federal government's "whole power" in handling immigration affairs into a tool of national defense, which can be used to resist the "aggression" of foreign immigrants. Besides, the scope of the power has gradually expanded from rejecting incoming immigrants to expelling immigrants who have entered the United States. With the endorsement of the SCOTUS, the federal government's power in the field of immigration has become a power reserved exclusively for the "political department" and separated from constitutional supervision. This is the systemic root for the existence, continuation, and even rampancy of xenophobia in US immigration policies. 

（二）美國反移民意識形態主流化將排外主義推向極端

(2) As the Anti-Immigration Ideology Has Occupied the Mainstream Position, Xenophobia Is Pushed to the Extreme 

當前，反移民意識形態已經納入美國政治生態的主流。美國反誹謗聯盟網站2019年8月8日發文指出，美國的白人至上主義者認為他們受到外來移民的圍攻，人口結構的變化和移民的增加正在摧毀“盎格魯－撒克遜中心主義”新教文化，白人將很快成為傳統白人國家的少數民族，需要立即采取行動來阻止這些種族和文化變革。

At present, the anti-immigrant ideology has occupied the mainstream position in the political ecology of the United States. On August 8, 2019, a post on the website of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) pointed out that white supremacists in the United States believe that they are under siege by immigrants and that as demographic changes and the increase in immigration are destroying the "Anglo-Saxon" Protestant culture and turning the white people into an ethnic minority, it is necessary to take quick action to stop these ethnic and cultural changes. 

反移民政策在美國政治角力中被用作離間與拉攏選民的工具，進一步將排外主義推向極端。美國政府高層大打“移民牌”，利用在大眾面前妖魔化移民及展現對移民的強硬態度，鼓勵偏執、仇外和種族主義，以期獲得政治上的回報。2018年11月28日，聯合國人權理事會任意拘留問題工作組主席兼報告員、當代形式種族歧視問題特別報告員、酷刑問題特別報告員、販運人口問題特別報告員等10名聯合國人權專家發表聯合聲明，批評美國政府高層違反國際人權標準、發表種族主義和排外主義言論并采取相關行動，對移民和難民進行污名化，將其視為罪犯和“傳染病”，從而助長不容忍、種族仇恨和排外情緒，營造對非白人充滿敵意的社會環境等。

Anti-immigration policies have been used as a tool to alienate or draw voters into the US political competition, further pushing xenophobia to the extreme. High-ranking political officials of the United States played the "immigration card". In order to gain political benefits, they encouraged paranoia, xenophobia, and racism by demonizing immigrants in front of the public and demonstrating a negative attitude toward immigration. On November 28, 2018, 10 UN human rights experts, including the Chairman and Rapporteur of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention of the UN Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racial discrimination, the Special Rapporteur on torture, and the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, issued a joint statement, criticizing high-level officials of the US government for violating international human rights standards, making racist and xenophobic remarks and actions, stigmatizing immigrants and refugees, and treating immigrants and refugees as criminals and "infectious diseases", thereby fostering intolerance, racial hatred, and xenophobia and creating a hostile social atmosphere toward non-whites, etc. 

對移民的污名化助長了仇外情緒，進一步加劇了美國民眾對外來移民的負面焦慮情緒。2018年7月的蓋洛普民意調查中，近四分之一的受訪者表示，移民是美國的頭號問題。《今日美國報》網站2019年8月8日報道指出，不斷對移民妖魔化的口誅筆伐創造了一種氛圍，讓白人至上主義者借機把對移民的仇恨言論轉化為暴力行動。

Stigmatizing immigrants has fueled xenophobia and further exacerbated the US people's anxiety toward immigrants. A Gallup poll issued in July 2018 showed that nearly a quarter of US respondents regarded immigration as the number one problem in the United States. The website of USA Today pointed out on August 8, 2019, that the constant demonization of immigration has created an atmosphere in which white supremacists have an excuse to turn their hate speech against immigrants into violent actions.

（三）美國單邊移民政策導致邊境地區非法移民形勢不斷惡化

(3) The Unilateral Immigration Policy of the United States Has Caused the Situation of Illegal Immigration in the Border Areas to Continue Deteriorating 

2018年，來自中美洲地區的數千名民眾離開自己的國家成群結隊地到達墨西哥南部，并希望北上最終進入美國，引發了美國西南部邊境移民潮。中美洲移民現象由來已久，為了逃離在當地面臨的貧窮、失業、饑餓、暴力犯罪以及天災等生存與人身安全威脅，歷史上多次形成入境美國的移民潮，其根源是長期存在的地區發展不平衡。英國《衛報》網站2018年12月19日報道指出，20世紀80年代中美洲地區局勢動蕩既是美國冷戰的衍生品，也是造成當今中美洲國家政治和經濟困局至關重要的因素，中美洲移民北上正是為了逃脫由美國制造的“地獄”。

In 2018, thousands of people from Central America left their countries in droves to reach southern Mexico, hoping to go north and eventually enter the United States. This constituted a wave of immigration across the southwestern border of the United States. Immigration flows from Central America are long-existing phenomena, and there were many such waves of immigration in history. The fundamental cause of these phenomena is the long-standing imbalance in regional development in America, which makes these Central American immigrants want to escape the threats to their survival and personal safety in their own countries, such as poverty, unemployment, hunger, and violent crimes. The website of the British newspaper The Guardian pointed out on December 19, 2018, that it was the Cold War that caused the turmoil in Central America in the 1980s and the current political and economic difficulties in this region, therefore the Central American immigrants were just escaping the "hell" that had been created by the United States. 

為了阻止中美洲移民北上流動和入境，2017年至2019年兩年時間內，美國政府在邊境地區采取了一系列強硬政策，實施以懲罰性措施為導向的嚴厲執法行動。美國總統宣布全國邊境進入緊急狀態，從國防和其他項目轉移了數十億美元用于修建邊境隔離墻。美國政府還大幅提高了中美洲難民申請庇護的條件，不再接受幫派或家庭暴力受害者的庇護申請。為了阻止中美洲移民入境，數千名美國現役軍人和國民警衛隊成員被派往南部邊境地區，并且多次在美國與墨西哥邊境使用暴力執法手段殘酷對待尋求庇護的移民。然而，美國政府試圖快速解決問題的懲罰性措施效果與預期完全相反，非但沒有阻止移民流動，反而使邊境地區面臨更嚴峻形勢。美國2017年在其西南邊境逮捕非法移民的數量為30多萬人，2019年竟達到85萬人。逮捕非法移民數量急劇上升表明美國邊境安全形勢在短期內顯著惡化，嚴厲的排外移民政策與嚴峻的移民形勢之間形成了惡性閉環效應。

To prevent the Central American migration flows from moving northward and entering the United States, the US government adopted a series of tough policies for the border area from 2017 to 2019, and implemented rigorous law-enforcement actions featuring punitive measures. The US President has declared a state of emergency across the border, and billions of dollars have been transferred from national defense and other projects to build a border wall. The US government has also significantly reduced the number of qualifications for granting asylum to Central American refugees, rejecting applications for asylum from victims of gang or domestic violence. To prevent the entry of Central American immigrants, thousands of active-duty US military personnel and members of the National Guard have been sent to the southern border area of the United States. They have habitually resorted to violent law-enforcement measures and treated the asylum-seeking immigrants cruelly in the US-Mexico border areas. Unfortunately, these punitive measures adopted by the US government to quickly resolve the issue have produced the opposite effect. Instead of preventing immigration flows, the border area is facing a more severe situation. More than 300,000 illegal immigrants were arrested on the southwest US border in 2017 alone, and in 2019, this figure surged to about 850,000. The sharp increase in the number of arrests of illegal immigrants indicates that the security situation at the US border has deteriorated significantly within a short period of time, and that a vicious cycle has been formed between the rigorous, xenophobic immigration policies and the severe immigration situation.

美國政府想方設法地將移民問題推向鄰國。美國政府實施“留在墨西哥”政策，要求尋求庇護者停留在墨西哥數月或更長時間，等待美國庇護或遣送的決定。同時，美國以加征關稅相威脅，迫使墨西哥政府同意接收美國境內的非法移民。美國“攔截者”網站2019年7月14日報道，“留在墨西哥”政策不是在保護移民，而是將移民置于更大的危險當中。移民被迫在強奸、綁架、謀殺等犯罪最猖獗的邊境城市停留數月，生命安全遭受嚴重威脅。2020年新冠肺炎疫情暴發以來，美國政府以鄰為壑，在疫情持續蔓延之際仍強行遣返大批非法移民，加重了中美洲國家的疫情風險。美國這種將風險甩給其他國家的做法缺乏責任擔當，凸顯了其自私自利的單邊主義立場。

In the meantime, the US government is trying every way to push its immigration-related responsibilities on to its neighboring countries. The US government has implemented a "Remain in Mexico" policy that requires asylum-seekers to stay in Mexico for months or even longer, awaiting a decision on asylum or repatriation by the United States. In the meantime, the United States has forced the Mexican government to agree to accept illegal immigrants in the United States by threatening to increase tariffs. The Intercept website reported on July 14, 2019, that the "Remain in Mexico" policy was not protecting immigrants but putting them at greater risk, as these immigrants' lives and security were seriously threatened when they were forced to stay in border cities for months, where rape, abduction, murder, and other crimes occur most frequently. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the US government has adopted a "beggar-my-neighbor" policy. Disregarding the spread of the pandemic, it has forcibly repatriated a large number of illegal immigrants, which has increased the risk of the spread of COVID-19 in Central American countries. Such an irresponsible practice of passing on the risk to other countries points to a go-it-alone "unilateralism" on the part of the United States.

美國政府嚴厲的懲罰性措施以及處理移民問題的單邊主義不但無助于解決非法移民的根源問題，相反加深了墨西哥和美洲其他移民來源國的發展不平衡問題，對美國邊境地區移民局勢構成進一步沖擊，并將非法移民問題拖進長期化的泥潭。

The US government's strong punitive measures and unilateralism on immigration issues cannot help solve the root cause of illegal immigration. Instead, they will worsen the imbalance in the development between the United States and Mexico and other countries where immigrants come from. This will further worsen the immigration situation in the border areas and make the illegal immigration issue fall into a long-term quagmire.

三、美國移民政策排外主義引發嚴重后果

3. Xenophobia in US Immigration Policies Has Caused Serious Consequences

在移民領域，美國實質上奉行的是“盎格魯－撒克遜中心”的白人至上主義，透過極端排外主義政策壓制其他種族，侵犯移民的基本權利和人格尊嚴，暴露出所謂“美式人權”的虛偽性。美國各界圍繞移民政策的嚴重分歧，加劇了社會內部分裂。

As regards immigration, the United States essentially pursues white (Anglo-Saxon) supremacy. It suppresses other races through extreme xenophobia and violates the basic rights and personal dignity of immigrants. This has exposed the hypocrisy of the so-called "US-style human rights". Social contradictions are deeply entrenched in US society, and it is extremely difficult to solve these contradictions. 

極端移民政策和排外主義導致社會矛盾激化，仇恨犯罪愈演愈烈。《紐約時報》網站2019年8月5日報道，8月3日上午至4日凌晨，美國得克薩斯州埃爾帕索市和俄亥俄州代頓市接連發生大規模槍擊事件，共造成31人死亡，數十人受傷。官方稱，埃爾帕索槍擊事件發生前，槍手在一份指責拉美移民“入侵”得克薩斯州的宣言中散布仇恨和種族主義言論。輿論認為，槍手的殺人動機與對移民的普遍敵意有關。英國《衛報》網站2019年8月27日報道稱，白人至上主義者應當對2008年至2017年美國恐怖襲擊中71%的人員死亡負有責任。

Extreme immigration policies and xenophobia have intensified social conflicts and hate crimes in the United States. As reported by the website of The New York Times on August 5, 2019, from the morning of August 3 to the early morning of August 4, large-scale shootings occurred in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio, killing 31 people and injuring several dozens, and according to the officials, before the El Paso shooting, the gunman spread hate and racist speech in a statement accusing Latin American immigrants of "invading" Texas. The public generally believes that the gunman's motive is related to his general hostility toward immigrants. As reported by the website of the British newspaper The Guardian on August 27, 2019, white supremacists should be held accountable for 71 percent of the deaths in US terrorist attacks between 2008 and 2017. 

美國各界圍繞移民政策的分歧嚴重，加劇了社會內部分裂。美國共和黨政府和民主黨圍繞國會預算案撥款建造邊境隔離墻問題長期僵持不下，約四分之一的聯邦政府機構自2018年12月22日開始了長達35天的“停擺”，約80萬聯邦政府雇員被迫無薪工作或被強制休假，民眾生活受到極大影響。美國多個州對聯邦政府的移民政策進行強烈批評。2019年8月26日，美國19個州和華盛頓特區聯合提起訴訟，反對聯邦政府推出允許無限期關押非法移民家庭的新規定。

The divergence in immigration policies existing in different sectors of the United States has exacerbated the country's internal divisions. The current Republican administration and Democrats have long been deadlocked over congressional budget appropriations to build the border wall, about a quarter of federal government agencies had been "shut down" for as long as 35 days since December 22, 2018, and about 800,000 federal government employees have been forced to work without pay or take vacations during this period of time. This federal government shutdown has greatly affected the US people's lives. Many states in the US have strongly criticized the federal government's immigration policies. On August 26, 2019, 19 US states and Washington, DC jointly filed a lawsuit against the Trump administration's new rules that allow illegal immigrant families to be detained indefinitely. 

美國移民政策中充斥種族歧視，嚴重損害了美國的國家認同與民族融合進程。沃克斯新聞網2019年8月12日報道指出，美國政府對不能被同化的移民所持有的排外主義立場已達到前所未有的極端化程度，向民眾傳遞的負面信息是：“如果你是棕色人種、黑人抑或是移民，你在這里不再受歡迎。”這將從根本上對美國作為移民國家的傳統面貌構成挑戰，對國家、社會福祉產生嚴重后果。

The US immigration policies that are full of racial discrimination have seriously damaged the recognition for national identity and the fusion of races in the United States. As reported by the VOX news website on August 12, 2019, the US government's xenophobia against immigrants who cannot be assimilated has reached an unprecedented extreme in US history, which delivers a negative message to the public: "If you are brown, black, or an immigrant, you are no longer welcome here." This will fundamentally challenge the tradition of the United States as an immigrant country and exert a strong influence on the national and social well-being. 

自英屬北美殖民地及美國獨立以來的四個多世紀中，外來移民為美國提供了充沛的勞動力資源，促進經濟繁榮與發展，帶動科技交流和創新，并且塑造了美國民族多元化與文化結構的多樣性。然而，當前美國政府一面高喊人權口號，一面卻揮舞極端排外主義大棒排斥與歧視移民，這一行徑不僅極具諷刺意味，也無疑罔顧美國的傳統及現實。移民遭受嚴重歧視與殘酷對待的現實徹底暴露了美國所謂“人權衛士”的偽善面目。

Since the independence of the United States, immigrants have offered abundant labor resources for the United States, made great contributions to its economic prosperity and development, facilitated scientific and technological exchanges and innovation, and shaped the diversity of its ethnicity and culture. Nevertheless, now the US government is showing extreme xenophobia and rejecting and discriminating against immigrants, while chanting human rights slogans. This act is not only ironic, but it also undoubtedly ignores the traditions and reality of the United States. The reality of severe discrimination against and cruel treatment of immigrants has completely exposed the hypocrisy of the so-called "defender of human rights". 

（來源：新華網）

(Source: Xinhua)