人類減貧的中國實踐

（2021年4月）

中華人民共和國

國務院新聞辦公室

Poverty Alleviation: China's Experience and Contribution 

The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China 

April 2021

目錄

Contents

前言

Preface

一、中國共產黨的莊嚴承諾

I. The Solemn Commitment of the CPC

二、新時代脫貧攻堅取得全面勝利

II. Final Victory in the Fight Against Extreme Poverty

三、實施精準扶貧方略

III. The Strategy of Targeted Poverty Alleviation

四、為人類減貧探索新的路徑

IV. Exploring a New Path of Poverty Alleviation

五、攜手共建沒有貧困共同發展的人類命運共同體

V. A Global Community of Shared Future Free from Poverty

結束語

Conclusion

附錄：中國扶貧標準的變化和調整

Appendix

前言

Preface

貧困是人類社會的頑疾，是全世界面臨的共同挑戰。貧困及其伴生的饑餓、疾病、社會沖突等一系列難題，嚴重阻礙人類對美好生活的追求。消除貧困是人類夢寐以求的理想，人類發展史就是與貧困不懈斗爭的歷史。

Poverty is a chronic affliction of human society and a common challenge faced by the whole world. Poverty and its associated problems, including hunger, diseases, and social conflicts, are serious impediments to people's pursuit of a better life, so the eradication of poverty has always been a wish to be fulfilled. The history of humankind is the history of relentless struggle against poverty.

中國是擁有14億人口、世界上最大的發展中國家，基礎差、底子薄，發展不平衡，長期飽受貧困問題困擾。中國的貧困規模之大、貧困分布之廣、貧困程度之深世所罕見，貧困治理難度超乎想象。

China is the world's largest developing country, with a population of 1.4 billion. In addition to its weak foundations and uneven development, the nation had long been plagued by poverty at a scale and a level of severity that has rarely been seen anywhere else in the world. As a result, the challenge of poverty alleviation in China almost defies imagination.

今年是中國共產黨成立100周年。100年來，中國共產黨團結帶領人民，以堅定不移、頑強不屈的信念和意志與貧困作斗爭。中共十八大以來，在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央領導下，中國組織實施了人類歷史上規模空前、力度最大、惠及人口最多的脫貧攻堅戰。2021年2月25日，習近平總書記在全國脫貧攻堅總結表彰大會上莊嚴宣告，脫貧攻堅戰取得了全面勝利，中國完成了消除絕對貧困的艱巨任務。

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Over the past century, the Party has united and led the Chinese people in the battle against poverty with unwavering faith and will. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the Party Central Committee, with General Secretary Xi Jinping at the core, has fought a decisive battle against poverty that is unprecedented in scale and intensity, and has benefited the largest number of people in human history. At a grand gathering held on February 25, 2021, to mark China's achievements in poverty alleviation and to honor its model fighters against poverty, General Secretary Xi solemnly declared: Victory in the battle against poverty is complete, and China completed the arduous task of eliminating extreme poverty.

占世界人口近五分之一的中國全面消除絕對貧困，提前10年實現《聯合國2030年可持續發展議程》減貧目標，不僅是中華民族發展史上具有里程碑意義的大事件，也是人類減貧史乃至人類發展史上的大事件，為全球減貧事業發展和人類發展進步作出了重大貢獻。

China is home to nearly one fifth of the world's population. Its complete eradication of extreme poverty – the first target of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development – 10 years ahead of schedule, is a milestone in the history of the Chinese nation and the history of humankind, making an important contribution to the cause of global poverty alleviation.

貧窮不是命中注定，貧困并非不可戰勝。中國減貧的實踐表明，與貧困作斗爭，最重要的是勇氣、遠見、責任和擔當。只要有堅定意志和決心并付諸實際行動，就能夠向著擺脫貧困、實現共同富裕的美好前景不斷邁進。

Poverty is not predestined, nor is it unconquerable. China's experience in poverty alleviation indicates that courage, vision, sense of responsibility, and the eagerness to take on challenges are the most essential. With strong will and determination, as well as practical action, one can make steady progress towards overcoming poverty and realizing common prosperity.

為記錄中國消除絕對貧困的偉大歷程，介紹人類減貧的中國探索和實踐，分享中國扶貧脫貧的經驗做法，特發布本白皮書。

This white paper is being issued to record the course of the Chinese people's great fight in eliminating extreme poverty, introduce China's approach, and share its experience and actions in poverty alleviation.

一、中國共產黨的莊嚴承諾

I. The Solemn Commitment of the CPC

中華民族是歷史悠久、勤勞智慧的民族，創造了輝煌燦爛的中華文明。中華民族又是飽經苦難的民族，廣大勞動人民長期處于貧困狀態。幾千年來，中國人民始終為擺脫貧困艱難求索。近代以后，在封建腐朽統治和西方列強侵略下，中國淪為半殖民地半封建社會，億萬民眾處于貧困甚至赤貧狀態。中國人民始終不屈不撓、奮力抗爭，始終夢想實現國家富強、民族復興，始終夢想過上幸福美好的生活。

The Chinese nation has a long history, diligent and intelligent people and splendid civilization. Over the history of thousands of years, eliminating poverty has been the persistent goal of the Chinese people, who suffered hardships and difficulties frequently. From the middle of the 19th century, foreign aggression and the decadence of the imperial dynasty reduced China to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society, and hundreds of millions of its people were plunged into poverty or even extreme poverty. But the Chinese people have fought with fortitude to realize their dream – achieving economic prosperity, national rejuvenation, and a happy and better life.

（一）中國共產黨領導人民奪取革命勝利，建立新中國，開啟了實現國家富強、人民富裕的嶄新歷程

1. The CPC Led the People to Win Victory in the Revolution, Build the People's Republic of China (PRC), Opening a New Journey Towards Prosperity

1921年7月，中國共產黨誕生。中國產生了共產黨，這是開天辟地的大事變。從誕生之日起，中國共產黨就把為中國人民謀幸福、為中華民族謀復興作為初心使命，團結帶領人民為創造自己的美好生活進行了長期艱辛奮斗。以毛澤東同志為核心的第一代中央領導集體，把農民翻身解放作為革命的基本問題，領導人民進行土地革命、實行“耕者有其田”，推翻了帝國主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義的反動統治，取得新民主主義革命勝利，建立了新中國，結束了中國人民長期以來遭受壓迫與剝削的歷史，結束了國家戰亂頻仍、四分五裂的局面，實現了民族獨立和人民解放，為中國擺脫貧窮落后、實現繁榮富強掃清了障礙、創造了根本政治條件。

The founding of the CPC in July 1921 was an epochal event in China's history. The CPC has taken the happiness of the people and rejuvenation of the nation as its aspiration since its founding, and united and led the people to fight for a better life over the decades. The Party's first generation of central collective leadership under Mao Zedong regarded the liberation of peasants as the fundamental issue of the revolution, led the people to launch the Agrarian Revolution to realize the goal of "the land to the tiller", overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucrat-capitalism, and won victory in the New Democratic Revolution and established the PRC, bringing an end to sustained oppression, exploitation of the people, frequent wars, and partitioning of the country, and realizing the goals of national independence and people's liberation. This helped to remove the obstacles to China's progress, and created the political conditions it needed to eradicate poverty, regain national strength, and realize prosperity for everyone.

1949年10月1日，中華人民共和國成立，中國人民從此站立起來、當家做主，真正成為新國家新社會的主人。面對一窮二白、百業凋敝的困難局面，中國共產黨團結帶領人民自力更生、艱苦奮斗，發奮圖強、重整山河。在全國開展轟轟烈烈的土地改革，延續2000多年的封建土地制度被廢除，消除了造成農民貧困的主要制度因素。對農業、手工業和資本主義工商業進行社會主義改造，建立起社會主義基本制度，為從根本上解決貧困問題提供了最基本制度保證。開展大規模社會主義建設，建立獨立的、比較完整的工業體系和國民經濟體系，大力發展集體經濟，大興農田水利。大辦農村教育和合作醫療，探索建立以集體經濟為基礎、以“五保”制度【《1956年到1967年全國農業發展綱要》明確提出，農業合作社對于社內缺乏勞動力、生活沒有依靠的鰥寡孤獨的社員，在生活上給予適當照顧，做到保吃、保穿、保燒（燃料）、保教（兒童和少年）、保葬，使他們的生養死葬都有指靠。】和特困群體救濟為主體的農村初級社會保障體系。社會主義建設在曲折中向前推進，人民物質生活和文化水平逐步提高，占世界近四分之一人口的中國人民特別是農民的基本生活需求得到初步滿足。

The founding of the PRC on October 1, 1949, allowed the Chinese people to stand upright and become the true masters of the country. To change the backward situation starting from scratch, the CPC united and led the people to rely on themselves and strived to build their homeland with strong determination and concerted effort. Land reform was rolled out across the country, abolishing the feudal land system that had endured for over 2,000 years. This removed the major institutional obstacle to eliminating poverty. Socialist transformation was carried out in agriculture, individual craft industries, and capitalist industry and commerce. The establishment of the socialist system provided a basic institutional guarantee for addressing the root causes of poverty. Socialist development was carried out on all fronts, creating an independent and rather complete industrial system and economic system. Efforts were made to develop the collective economy, improve farmland irrigation and water conservation, and develop rural education and cooperative medical services. A preliminary social security system took shape, with the collective economy at the base, and the "five guarantees" [ The National Agricultural Development Program (1956-1967) specified that agricultural cooperatives should give proper care to commune members who could not work and had no family to support them, by providing them with proper food, clothing, fuel, and education (for children and teenagers), and by paying their burial expenses. ] and relief for people in extreme poverty as the core. The Chinese people – including the farmers – who made up nearly one quarter of the world's population, saw their basic living needs met. Their living standards and educational level improved. Socialist building during this period pressed ahead amidst successes and setbacks.

（二）改革開放極大促進了中國發展，中國減貧進程加快推進

2. Reform and Opening Up Accelerated Development and Poverty Alleviation in China

1978年12月，中共中央召開十一屆三中全會，開啟了中國改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期。改革開放是中國人民和中華民族發展史上的又一次偉大革命，為中國注入了創新和發展的強大動力。中國經濟社會快速發展，中國減貧進程加快推進，貧困人口大幅度減少。

Held in December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee ushered in a new chapter of reform and opening up and socialist modernization in China. Reform and opening up has been another great revolution in the history of the Chinese people and Chinese nation, injecting momentum and innovation. The rapid socioeconomic development that ensued gave a vigorous boost to poverty alleviation, and resulted in a sharp decline in the impoverished population.

改革開放初期，面對中國農村貧困人口基數大、貧困發生率高的嚴峻形勢，以鄧小平同志為核心的第二代中央領導集體，作出“貧窮不是社會主義，社會主義要消滅貧窮”的重要論斷，提出到20世紀末人民生活達到小康水平的目標，制定“三步走”發展戰略【中共十三大提出，黨的十一屆三中全會以后，中國經濟建設的戰略部署大體分三步走。第一步，實現國民生產總值比1980年翻一番，解決人民的溫飽問題。第二步，到20世紀末，使國民生產總值再增長一倍，人民生活達到小康水平。第三步，到21世紀中葉，人均國民生產總值達到中等發達國家水平，人民生活比較富裕，基本實現現代化。】，提出“兩個大局”的戰略構想【1988年，鄧小平同志明確提出：“沿海地區要加快對外開放，使這個擁有兩億人口的廣大地帶較快地先發展起來，從而帶動內地更好地發展，這是一個事關大局的問題。內地要顧全這個大局。反過來，發展到一定的時候，又要求沿海拿出更多力量來幫助內地發展，這也是個大局。那時沿海也要服從這個大局。”來源：《鄧小平文選》第三卷。】，實施一系列農業農村重大改革，從國家層面開展大規模、有計劃、有組織的扶貧開發。在農村實施以家庭聯產承包為主的生產責任制和統分結合的雙層經營體制，理順了農村最基本的生產關系，調動了農民生產積極性，使農業生產迅速扭轉了長期徘徊不前的局面。實施農產品流通體制改革，大力發展鄉鎮企業，促進了農村整體收入水平提高。成立專門扶貧機構，確定了扶貧標準、重點片區和貧困縣，啟動實施“三西”農業建設【“三西”指甘肅省河西地區、定西地區和寧夏回族自治區西海固地區，是改革開放初期全國集中連片最困難的地區之一。1982年12月，中國啟動實施“三西”農業建設，共涉及47個縣（市、區）（1992年擴大到57個）。“三西”農業建設在中國扶貧開發歷程中具有開創性、先導性、示范性意義，在改革單純救濟式扶貧為開發式扶貧、集中力量實施片區開發、易地搬遷扶貧、扶貧開發與生態建設相結合等方面進行了成功探索，對于從1986年開始在全國范圍開展大規模、有計劃、有組織的扶貧開發產生了深遠影響。】。通過一系列重大舉措，解放了農村生產力，釋放了農村活力，推動了農村經濟發展，促進了農民收入增加和觀念更新，中國扶貧開發進入歷史新時期。

In the initial period of reform and opening up, confronted by the grim challenge of a large rural impoverished population base and a high incidence of poverty, the second generation of the central collective leadership headed by Deng Xiaoping issued a declaration that "Poverty is not socialism; socialism means eliminating poverty". It set the goal of ensuring the people a moderately prosperous life by the end of the 20th century, formulated a three-step strategic plan [ The 13th CPC National Congress proposed that a three-step strategic plan for China's economic development would be laid out after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee: doubling the 1980 GNP by the end of the 1980s and ensuring that the people would have adequate food and clothing as the first step; doubling the 1990 GNP by the end of the 20th century and ensuring the people a moderately prosperous life as the second step; and increasing the per capita GNP level to that of moderately developed countries, ensuring the people a relatively affluent life, and realizing basic modernization by the middle of the 21st century as the third step. ], and articulated the vision of "Two Development Strategies" [ In 1988, Deng Xiaoping proposed that "The coastal areas, which comprise a vast region with a population of 200 million, should accelerate their opening to the outside world, and we should help them develop rapidly first; afterwards they can promote the development of the interior. The development of the coastal areas is of overriding importance, and the interior provinces should subordinate themselves to it. When the coastal areas have developed to a certain extent, they will be required to give more help to the interior. Then, the development of the interior provinces will be of overriding importance, and the coastal areas will in turn have to subordinate themselves to it." (Source: "The Central Leadership Must Have Authority", Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Vol III.) ]. A swathe of major reforms involving agriculture and rural areas were launched, providing for a massive, planned, well-organized poverty alleviation effort at the national level. The two-tier management system adopted in the rural areas, integrating cooperative management with household contract management, clarified the most basic production relations and inspired the farmers' enthusiasm, bringing an end to a period of protracted stagnation in agricultural output. Reform of the distribution system for agricultural products was enacted. A major effort was made to develop township enterprises in order to increase overall incomes in rural areas. Special poverty alleviation agencies were set up, poverty standards were set, key impoverished areas and counties were identified, and a special plan for agricultural development in the three western regions [ The three western regions were Hexi Region and Dingxi Region in Gansu Province and the mountainous region in southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the most impoverished contiguous areas in the country at the beginning of reform and opening up. In December 1982, China launched poverty alleviation initiatives in these regions to boost their agricultural development. This involved 47 counties, cities and districts (which expanded to 57 in 1992). It was a groundbreaking project in China's poverty alleviation efforts. It set a precedent in regional poverty alleviation, accumulating rich experience in moving from relief-based poverty alleviation to development-driven poverty alleviation, pooling resources for the development of impoverished areas, for poverty alleviation through relocation, and for combining development-driven poverty alleviation with developing the eco-economy. These successful measures have had a profound influence on massive, planned, well-organized poverty alleviation efforts across the country starting from 1986. ] was launched. These measures liberated the rural productive forces, released vitality, boosted economic development, increased farmers' incomes, and updated their mindsets. Development-driven poverty alleviation opened a new chapter in China.

上世紀90年代初，在農村貧困問題大大緩解的同時，貧困問題由普遍性分布呈現分層、分塊、分化等新特征，區域間發展不均衡問題凸顯。以江澤民同志為核心的第三代中央領導集體，制定新的“三步走”發展戰略【中共十五大提出新的“三步走”發展戰略，即：新世紀第一個10年實現國民生產總值比2000年翻一番，使人民的小康生活更加富裕，形成比較完善的社會主義市場經濟體制；再經過10年的努力，到中國共產黨成立100年時，使國民經濟更加發展，各項制度更加完善；到下世紀中葉中華人民共和國成立100年時，基本實現現代化，建成富強民主文明的社會主義國家。】，提出全面建設小康社會目標，繼續推進大規模扶貧開發國家行動。1994年，中國國務院印發《國家八七扶貧攻堅計劃（1994－2000年）》，這是新中國歷史上第一個有明確目標、明確對象、明確措施和明確期限的全國扶貧開發工作綱領。“八七計劃”提出，從1994年到2000年，力爭用7年左右的時間，基本解決當時全國農村8000萬貧困人口的溫飽問題。1996年，中共中央召開扶貧開發工作會議，進一步明確到20世紀末基本解決貧困人口溫飽問題的目標絕不動搖，確定了由救濟式扶貧轉向開發式扶貧的基本方針。1999年，中共中央召開扶貧開發工作會議，對奪取“八七計劃”的勝利作出部署。2001年，中共中央召開扶貧開發工作會議，中國國務院印發《中國農村扶貧開發綱要（2001－2010年）》。中國的扶貧開發在取得重要階段性進展基礎上，繼續向縱深推進。按照當時的扶貧標準，2000年底，中國農村貧困人口減少到3209萬人，貧困發生率降低到3.5%。

By the early 1990s, there had been visible progress in poverty alleviation in rural areas. In the meantime, poverty had evolved from a widespread problem into one afflicting particular regions, groups and populations, highlighting the problem of uneven regional development. The Party's third generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Jiang Zemin at the core formulated a three-step development strategic plan [ The 15th CPC National Congress held in 1997 drew up a new three-step strategic plan. The first step involved doubling the 2000 GNP, giving the people greater prosperity, and putting in place a relatively complete socialist market economy system, all by the end of 2010. The second step involved working hard for another decade to further develop the economy by the centenary of the CPC, and to improve all relevant systems. The third step involved realizing basic modernization and developing China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, and culturally advanced by the time we celebrate the centenary of the PRC in the middle of the 21st century. ], put forward the goal of achieving moderate prosperity in all respects, and continued to press ahead with massive national campaigns on poverty alleviation. In 1994, the State Council launched the Priority Poverty Alleviation Program (1994-2000), China's first ever national poverty alleviation program with definite goals, targets, measures and deadlines. It committed to ensuring that the basic needs of 80 million impoverished rural residents would be met in the seven years from 1994 to 2000. In 1996, the central authorities held the National Conference on Development-driven Poverty Alleviation, further clarifying the steadfast commitment to the goal of being able to provide adequate food and clothing for the impoverished people by the end of the 20th century and confirming the shift from relief-based poverty alleviation to development-driven poverty alleviation. In 1999, the central authorities held the National Conference on Development-driven Poverty Alleviation, making plans to ensure success of the Priority Poverty Alleviation Program. Another conference on poverty alleviation was convened in 2001, and the State Council issued the Outline of Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas (2001-2010). On the basis of initial progress of China's poverty alleviation, the campaign continued with further measures. By the end of 2000, the impoverished population in rural areas had been reduced to 32.09 million and the incidence of poverty down to 3.5%, based on the poverty alleviation standard at the time.

進入21世紀，以胡錦濤同志為總書記的中共中央，堅持科學發展觀，構建社會主義和諧社會，提出全面建成小康社會目標，推進社會主義新農村建設，制定實施一系列扶貧開發新政策新舉措。對扶貧工作重點與瞄準對象作出重大調整，把中西部地區作為扶貧工作重點區域，在592個國家扶貧工作重點縣的基礎上，選定15萬個貧困村作為扶貧對象，實施參與式“整村推進”扶貧。大力推進產業扶貧和勞動力培訓轉移，積極開展易地搬遷扶貧和生態移民。實施西部大開發、振興東北地區等老工業基地、中部地區崛起等國家區域發展戰略，促進區域、城鄉協調發展。取消農業稅，建立新型農村合作醫療等一系列農村社會保障制度，農民負擔重的狀況得到根本性改變。2011年，中共中央召開扶貧開發工作會議，中共中央、國務院印發《中國農村扶貧開發綱要（2011－2020年）》。中國的扶貧開發，從以解決溫飽為主要任務的階段轉入鞏固溫飽成果、加快脫貧致富、改善生態環境、提高發展能力、縮小發展差距的新階段。按照當時的扶貧標準，2010年底，中國農村貧困人口減少到2688萬人，貧困發生率降為2.8%；2011年，中國將扶貧標準提高到2300元，在新的扶貧標準下，中國貧困人口為1.22億。

In the 21st century, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary embraced the Scientific Outlook on Development. Its goals were to advance the development of a harmonious society, build a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and facilitate the development of a new socialist countryside.

It enacted a new series of poverty alleviation policies and measures. This resulted in major adjustments to the focus and targets of poverty alleviation work, listing the central and western regions as the priority region, and choosing as individual targets 150,000 impoverished villages besides the 592 key counties, where the full participation of villagers in poverty alleviation efforts was encouraged.

A whole range of efforts were directed to business development, the training and transfer of rural labor, poverty alleviation through relocation, and relocation for the development of the eco-economy. State strategy of regional development was implemented, such as developing west China, revitalizing old industrial bases in the northeast, and stimulating the rise of the central region. These achieved coordinated development between regions and between rural and urban areas. The Agricultural Tax was abolished and a series of rural social security systems such as the new cooperative medical care system were established, greatly easing the burden on farmers. The National Conference on Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in 2011 made plans for a new phase in the battle against poverty to ensure that moderate prosperity in all respects would be achieved by 2020. After the meeting, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the Outline of Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas (2011-2020). China's poverty alleviation effort had evolved from its primary mission – meeting the basic needs of the poor – to a new stage of consolidating this achievement, accelerating poverty alleviation, improving the eco-environment, increasing development capacity, and bridging the development gap. By the end of 2010, according to the poverty standard, the impoverished rural population had been reduced to 26.88 million, and the incidence of poverty had fallen to 2.8%. In 2011, the standard was raised to RMB2,300, and accordingly the poor population was 122 million.

（三）中國發展進入新時代，中國減貧進入脫貧攻堅歷史新階段

3. China in a New Era and a New Battle Against Poverty

中共十八大以來，中國發展進入新時代，全面建成小康社會、實現第一個百年奮斗目標進入關鍵階段。經濟社會快速發展，綜合國力明顯增強，社會保障體系更加健全，國家治理體系和治理能力現代化加快推進，為減貧事業發展奠定了堅實的人力、財力、物力基礎，提供了有力制度支撐。同時，中國仍然面臨嚴峻的貧困形勢，面對的都是貧中之貧、堅中之堅，減貧進入啃硬骨頭、攻堅拔寨的沖刺階段，采用常規思路和辦法、按部就班推進難以完成任務，必須以更大的決心、更明確的思路、更精準的舉措、超常規的力度，眾志成城實現脫貧攻堅目標。

China marched into a new era after the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012. The country reached a critical stage in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieving the First Centenary Goal. Rapid economic and social development, a marked increase in comprehensive national strength, a better social security system, and progress in modernizing China's system and capacity for governance provided solid manpower, material, and financial foundations and strong institutional support for its poverty alleviation efforts. But the country still faced a daunting challenge since it had to solve the most difficult problems in raising the poorest population out of poverty in the coming period. China's battle against extreme poverty had entered the toughest stage. It was hard to complete the task with conventional approaches and ideas. To achieve the goal of poverty alleviation, the nation had to pull together with greater determination, sharper thinking, more targeted measures, and extraordinary efforts.

以習近平同志為核心的中共中央，把人民對美好生活的向往作為奮斗目標，提出實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢，推進決勝全面建成小康社會，把貧困人口全部脫貧作為全面建成小康社會、實現第一個百年奮斗目標的底線任務和標志性指標，將脫貧攻堅納入“五位一體”總體布局和“四個全面”戰略布局，明確到2020年現行標準下農村貧困人口實現脫貧、貧困縣全部摘帽、解決區域性整體貧困的目標任務，匯聚全黨全國全社會之力打響脫貧攻堅戰。習近平總書記時刻掛念貧困地區和困難群眾，把扶貧作為治國理政的重要內容，花的精力最多，提出一系列重要思想重要論述，作出一系列重大決策部署。2012年，中共十八大提出全面建成小康社會奮斗目標，十八大召開后不久，習近平總書記就指出“小康不小康，關鍵看老鄉，關鍵在貧困的老鄉能不能脫貧”，強調“決不能落下一個貧困地區、一個貧困群眾”，拉開了新時代脫貧攻堅的序幕。2013年，習近平總書記赴湖南省花垣縣十八洞村考察時，首次提出“實事求是、因地制宜、分類指導、精準扶貧”的理念。2014年，習近平總書記在參加十二屆全國人大二次會議貴州代表團審議時指出，“看真貧、扶真貧、真扶貧”。2015年，習近平總書記出席中央扶貧開發工作會議時指出，“要立下愚公移山志，咬定目標、苦干實干”，吹響了脫貧攻堅戰的沖鋒號。2017年，習近平總書記在中共十九大報告中指出，“讓貧困人口和貧困地區同全國一道進入全面小康社會是我們黨的莊嚴承諾”“堅決打贏脫貧攻堅戰”，動員全黨全國全社會聚力攻克深度貧困堡壘、決戰決勝脫貧攻堅。2020年，面對突如其來的新冠肺炎疫情，習近平總書記主持召開決戰決勝脫貧攻堅座談會進行再部署再動員，指出農村貧困人口全部脫貧“必須如期實現，沒有任何退路和彈性。這是一場硬仗，越到最后越要緊繃這根弦，不能停頓、不能大意、不能放松”，要求全黨全國以更大的決心、更強的力度，做好“加試題”、打好收官戰，信心百倍向著脫貧攻堅的最后勝利進軍。

The CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core takes the desire of the people for a better life as its goal. It has committed to realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. Poverty alleviation, a key task and index of the realization of the First Centenary Goal, has been included in the Five-sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy. The CPC set the goals that by 2020 it would help all the rural population out of poverty as defined by the existing standard, raise all impoverished counties out of poverty, and eliminate poverty over entire regions – mobilizing the whole Party, the whole country, and all sectors of society to engage in this battle. President Xi Jinping, always concerned about impoverished regions and families in straitened circumstances, has always put poverty alleviation at the top of his work agenda and devoted much of his energy to it. He has presented a series of important ideas and proposals, and made some major policy decisions. The 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 set the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. Soon after that, Xi enunciated, "To achieve initial prosperity in the countryside, it is essential to raise rural living standards and particularly those of impoverished villagers." Launching the campaign against poverty in the new era, he also emphasized, "No single poor area or single poor person should be left behind in achieving this goal." In 2013, on his inspection tour to Shibadong Village, Huayuan County, Hunan Province, Xi proposed for the first time the concept of "giving differentiated guidance for targeted poverty alleviation in line with local conditions by seeking truth from facts". In 2014, while attending the deliberation session of the Guizhou delegation at the Second Plenary Session of the 12th National People's Congress, Xi stated, "Inspection tours must be conducted to identify the truly poor. Poverty alleviation must reach those who truly need it, and poverty must be fully eliminated." In 2015, at the National Conference on Development-driven Poverty Alleviation, he sounded the bugle call to battle, "We should be determined, dedicate ourselves, and work hard towards the goal." In 2017, in the report to the 19th CPC National Congress, Xi emphasized the need to mobilize the energies of the whole Party, the whole country, and the whole of society to win the battle against extreme poverty and eradicate it, "Ensuring that poor people and poor areas will enter the moderately prosperous society together with the rest of the country is a solemn promise made by our Party… We must win the battle against poverty." In 2020, faced with the sudden attack of Covid-19, Xi mapped out new plans for mobilization at a seminar on poverty alleviation, emphasizing that lifting poor people in the rural areas out of poverty "must be achieved as scheduled". "It is non-negotiable. This is a tough battle with no route of retreat. We must double our efforts till the last minute. We must not pause, slacken off or be negligent." He asked the whole Party to perform well in this "difficult test", to apply more determination and more vigor, and to be confident of bringing the battle to a successful end.

習近平總書記親自指揮、親自部署、親自督戰，出席中央扶貧開發工作會議，7次主持召開中央扶貧工作座談會，50多次調研扶貧工作，連續5年審定脫貧攻堅成效考核結果，連續7年在全國扶貧日期間出席重要活動或作出重要指示，連續7年在新年賀詞中強調脫貧攻堅，每年在全國兩會期間下團組同代表委員共商脫貧攻堅大計，多次回信勉勵基層干部群眾投身減貧事業。習近平總書記走遍全國14個集中連片特困地區，考察了20多個貧困村，深入貧困家庭訪貧問苦，傾聽貧困群眾意見建議，了解扶貧脫貧需求，極大鼓舞了貧困群眾脫貧致富的信心和決心。2021年2月25日，習近平總書記在全國脫貧攻堅總結表彰大會上莊嚴宣告中國脫貧攻堅戰取得了全面勝利，完成了消除絕對貧困的艱巨任務，創造了又一個彪炳史冊的人間奇跡。

President Xi Jinping has assumed leadership, made plans, and directed the battle in person.

He has attended the National Conference on Development-driven Poverty Alleviation, and presided over seven seminars on poverty elimination. He has made over 50 fact-finding trips. In every one of the last five years, he has reviewed the evaluation reports of the poverty alleviation work. In every one of the last seven years, he has attended important events or issued directives on the National Poverty Alleviation Day. In every one of the last seven years, he has expounded on the fight against extreme poverty in his New Year address. In every one of the last eight years, he has discussed plans for the battle against poverty with delegates during the Two Sessions and written letters to encourage grassroots officials and communities to engage in the great fight. He has visited every one of the 14 contiguous poor areas across the country and over 20 poor villages, and sat in the homes of impoverished households to hear of their difficulties, suggestions, and needs, building up their confidence and determination, and their belief that they can work their way out of poverty. On February 25, 2021, at the National Poverty Alleviation Summary and Commendation Conference, he declared that China had secured a comprehensive victory in the fight against poverty, and completed the arduous task of eradicating extreme poverty – an outstanding and historic achievement.

回顧中國共產黨領導人民消除絕對貧困的艱辛歷程，極不平凡，極不容易。100年來，中國共產黨始終堅守初心使命，擔當起對人民的責任，踐行對人民的承諾，為實現民族獨立、人民解放和國家富強、人民富裕接續奮斗，付出巨大犧牲，贏得了人民的擁護和信賴。100年來，在中國共產黨的領導下，中國人民自強不息、艱苦奮斗，依靠自己的雙手，付出難以想象的辛勞和汗水，擺脫了絕對貧困，走上了全面小康、共同富裕的康莊大道。100年來，在中國共產黨的領導下，中國迎來了從站起來、富起來到強起來的偉大飛躍，人民的生存權發展權充分保障，社會公平正義有力彰顯，為更好實現人的全面發展奠定了堅實基礎。

The strenuous process whereby the CPC has led the Chinese people in the battle against poverty has been extraordinary and difficult. Over the past 100 years, the Party has committed itself to the original aspiration of seeking happiness for the people, taken on its responsibility for the people, honored its promise to the people, and made huge sacrifices in fighting to win national independence and people's liberation, to make China prosperous and strong, and to bring common prosperity to all. In the process it has won the support and trust of the people.

Over the past 100 years the Chinese people, under the leadership of the CPC, have never faltered in pursuit of progress, have put in unimaginable efforts, and have relied on themselves to eradicate extreme poverty, and march towards shared all-round prosperity.

Over the past 100 years, under the leadership of the CPC, China has stood tall, become prosperous, and grown in overall national strength. The protection of the rights to subsistence and development, and the promotion of equality and justice have laid solid foundations for well-rounded human development.

二、新時代脫貧攻堅取得全面勝利

II. Final Victory in the Fight Against Extreme Poverty

中共十八大以來，經過8年持續奮斗，到2020年底，中國如期完成新時代脫貧攻堅目標任務，現行標準下9899萬農村貧困人口全部脫貧，832個貧困縣全部摘帽，12.8萬個貧困村全部出列，區域性整體貧困得到解決，完成消除絕對貧困的艱巨任務。

China's fight against poverty entered a critical stage after the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012. At the end of 2020, through eight years of hard work, China achieved the goal of eliminating extreme poverty – a key goal for the new era of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The 98.99 million people in rural areas who were living below the current poverty threshold all shook off poverty; all the 128,000 impoverished villages and 832 designated poor counties got rid of poverty. China has eliminated poverty over entire regions and eradicated extreme poverty.

脫貧攻堅戰對中國農村的改變是歷史性的、全方位的，是中國農村的又一次偉大革命，深刻改變了貧困地區落后面貌，有力推動了中國農村整體發展，補齊了全面建成小康社會最突出短板，為全面建設社會主義現代化國家、實現第二個百年奮斗目標奠定了堅實基礎。脫貧攻堅戰全面勝利，中華民族在幾千年發展歷史上首次整體消除絕對貧困，實現了中國人民的千年夢想、百年夙愿。

The battle against poverty has been another great revolution in rural China, leading to historic and comprehensive changes. The campaign saw an end to the backwardness of poverty-stricken areas, boosted overall rural development, resolved the greatest threat to success in achieving moderate prosperity in all respects, and laid a solid foundation for building a modern socialist China and realizing the Second Centenary Goal. China has secured a complete victory in the battle against extreme poverty, eliminating overall and extreme poverty for the first time in its history of thousands of years, and realizing a century-long aspiration of the Chinese people.

（一）貧困人口生活水平顯著提升

1. Significant Improvement in the Living Standards of the Poor

經過脫貧攻堅戰，貧困人口的收入和福利水平大幅提高，“兩不愁三保障”【“兩不愁三保障”是指穩定實現不愁吃、不愁穿和義務教育、基本醫療、住房安全有保障。】全面實現，教育、醫療、住房、飲水等條件明顯改善，既滿足了基本生存需要，也為后續發展奠定了基礎。脫貧攻堅的陽光照耀到每一個角落，貧困群眾的生活發生了巨大變化。

Through poverty alleviation, there has been a substantial improvement in the incomes and welfare of the poor. The Two Assurances and Three Guarantees [ This refers to assurances of adequate food and clothing, and guarantees of access to compulsory education, basic medical services and safe housing for impoverished rural residents. ] have been realized; education, healthcare, housing and drinking water supplies are much improved. These provisions have covered all basic needs and laid the foundations for future development. The fight against poverty has led to dramatic changes in the lives of the impoverished.

貧困人口收入水平持續提升。貧困地區農村居民人均可支配收入，從2013的6079元增長到2020年的12588元，年均增長11.6%，增長持續快于全國農村，增速比全國農村高2.3個百分點。貧困人口工資性收入和經營性收入占比逐年上升，轉移性收入占比逐年下降，自主增收脫貧能力穩步提高。少數民族和民族地區脫貧攻堅成效顯著，2016年至2020年，內蒙古自治區、廣西壯族自治區、西藏自治區、寧夏回族自治區、新疆維吾爾自治區和貴州、云南、青海三個多民族省份貧困人口累計減少1560萬人。28個人口較少民族全部實現整族脫貧，一些新中國成立后“一步跨千年”進入社會主義社會的“直過民族”【“直過民族”是云南省對部分民族的特定稱謂，源于這些民族在民主改革時期，跨越一個或幾個發展階段直接進入社會主義社會。】，又實現了從貧窮落后到全面小康的第二次歷史性跨越。

The incomes of the impoverished are increasing. The per capita disposable income of the rural poor increased from RMB6,079 in 2013 to RMB12,588 in 2020, up by 11.6% per annum on average. The growth rate was 2.3 percentage points higher than the national rural average. Their salary income and operative income kept increasing over the years in proportion to their transfer income, showing a stronger ability to shake off poverty through their own efforts.

Ethnic minority areas have made notable progress in fighting poverty. From 2016 to 2020, in the five autonomous regions (Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang) and three provinces with a large multi-ethnic population (Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai), the number of the poor dropped by 15.6 million. Extreme poverty was eliminated in all 28 of the minority ethnic groups with a small population. Some ethnic groups, still at the later stage of primitive society when the PRC was founded in 1949, leapfrogged to socialism and then again made great strides towards moderate prosperity in all respects.

“兩不愁三保障”全面實現。脫貧攻堅普查顯示【脫貧攻堅普查是精準扶貧精準脫貧的重要基礎性工作，是對脫貧攻堅成效的全面檢驗。2020年至2021年，中國在中西部22個省份開展了國家脫貧攻堅普查，重點圍繞脫貧結果的真實性和準確性，全面了解國家貧困縣脫貧實現情況。普查內容包括建檔立卡基本情況、“兩不愁三保障”實現情況、獲得幫扶和參與脫貧攻堅項目情況，以及縣和行政村基本公共服務情況等。】，貧困戶全面實現不愁吃、不愁穿，平時吃得飽且能適當吃好，一年四季都有應季的換洗衣物和御寒被褥。貧困人口受教育的機會顯著增多、水平持續提高，農村貧困家庭子女義務教育階段輟學問題實現動態清零，2020年貧困縣九年義務教育鞏固率達到94.8%。持續完善縣鄉村三級醫療衛生服務體系，把貧困人口全部納入基本醫療保險、大病保險、醫療救助三重制度保障范圍，實施大病集中救治、慢病簽約管理、重病兜底保障等措施，99.9%以上的貧困人口參加基本醫療保險，全面實現貧困人口看病有地方、有醫生、有醫療保險制度保障，看病難、看病貴問題有效解決。實施農村危房改造，貧困人口全面實現住房安全有保障。實施農村飲水安全和鞏固提升工程，累計解決2889萬貧困人口的飲水安全問題，飲用水量和水質全部達標，3.82億農村人口受益；貧困地區自來水普及率從2015年的70%提高到2020年的83%。

The Two Assurances and Three Guarantees have been realized. According to the national survey of poverty alleviation [ The national survey of poverty alleviation is a full review of China's progress in fighting poverty and has a fundamental importance for targeted poverty alleviation. From 2020 to 2021, the survey was conducted in 22 provinces and equivalent administrative units in central and western China, focusing on the veracity of poverty alleviation results, particularly the overall progress in designated poor counties. The survey includes registration of poverty-stricken populations, progress in the Two Assurances and Three Guarantees, participation of the impoverished in poverty alleviation programs, and basic public services in poor counties and villages. ], poor households now have adequate food and clothing all year round and a proper supply of nutritious food. They have clothing for all four seasons and comforters that protect them from cold weather.

Access to good quality education for the impoverished has improved remarkably; there are no dropouts in the countryside due to financial difficulties; nine-year compulsory education is now available to all children from rural poor households, and the completion rate in 2020 was 94.8%.

The three-tier healthcare system at village, township and county levels has been improved. All poverty-stricken populations now have access to basic medical insurance, critical illness insurance, and medical assistance, to ensure medical treatment to the impoverished with major illnesses, contracted healthcare to the impoverished with chronic diseases, and guaranteed medical services for the impoverished with critical illnesses. Basic medical insurance coverage of the poor is now over 99.9%. All the impoverished have been guaranteed medical services and medical insurance. Through these measures, China has resolved the problem of difficult and expensive access to medical treatment for poverty-stricken residents.

The program of renovation of dilapidated rural homes has ensured safe housing for all the impoverished. The program of safe drinking water for rural residents has secured supplies to 28.89 million poor in terms of both quantity and quality, and benefited 382 million rural population; tap water coverage increased from 70% in 2015 to 83% in 2020.

（二）貧困地區落后面貌根本改變

2. Poverty-stricken Areas Rid of Backwardness

長期以來，貧困地區基礎設施薄弱，公共服務匱乏，經濟社會發展滯后。脫貧攻堅戰不僅使農村貧困人口全部脫貧，而且使貧困地區經濟社會發展大踏步趕上來，整體面貌發生歷史性巨變。

Poor areas have long suffered from weak infrastructure, inadequate public services, and social and economic underdevelopment. In the final stages of fighting poverty, China succeeded in raising all the rural poor out of extreme poverty and the impoverished areas achieved a big stride in economic and social development, taking on a brand new look.

基礎設施顯著改善。出行難、用電難、用水難、通信難，是長期以來制約貧困地區發展的瓶頸。把基礎設施建設作為脫貧攻堅基礎工程，集中力量，加大投入，全力推進，補齊了貧困地區基礎設施短板，推動了貧困地區經濟社會快速發展。以建好、管好、護好、運營好農村公路（簡稱“四好農村路”）為牽引，積極推進貧困地區建設外通內聯、通村暢鄉、客車到村、安全便捷的交通運輸網絡。截至2020年底，全國貧困地區新改建公路110萬公里、新增鐵路里程3.5萬公里，貧困地區具備條件的鄉鎮和建制村全部通硬化路、通客車、通郵路，貧困地區因路而興、因路而富。努力改善貧困地區水利基礎設施條件，2016年以來，新增和改善農田有效灌溉面積8029萬畝，新增供水能力181億立方米，水利支撐貧困地區發展的能力顯著增強。大幅提升貧困地區用電條件，實施無電地區電力建設、農村電網改造升級、骨干電網和輸電通道建設等電網專項工程，把電網延伸到更多偏遠地區，農村地區基本實現穩定可靠的供電服務全覆蓋，供電能力和服務水平明顯提升。加強貧困地區通信設施建設，貧困村通光纖和4G比例均超過98%，遠程教育加快向貧困地區學校推進，遠程醫療、電子商務覆蓋所有貧困縣，貧困地區信息化建設實現跨越式發展。基礎設施的極大改善，從根本上破解了貧困地區脫貧致富的難題，暢通了貧困地區與外界的人流、物流、知識流、信息流，為貧困地區發展提供了有力的硬件支撐。

Infrastructure has been improved. Lack of access to transport, electricity, drinking water and communications hinders the development of poverty-stricken areas. Infrastructure construction is a basic element in the battle against poverty; through an intensified effort and further investment, new infrastructure in poor areas boosted their social and economic development.

The construction, management, maintenance and operation of roads in rural areas have all seen significant improvement. Transport networks now connect all villages with other local villages and with the outside world, and provide them with safe and easy access to bus services. By the end of 2020, impoverished areas had gained 1.1 million km of reconstructed highways and 35,000 km of new railways; all the villages, townships and towns in poverty-stricken areas with the right conditions were accessible by paved road and provided with bus and mail routes, which facilitated more economic development.

Water infrastructure in impoverished areas has been improved in many ways. Since 2016, the effective irrigated area has increased by more than 5.35 million ha and water supply capacity has increased by 18.1 billion cu m. Better water infrastructure is also a provider of strong support for the development of poverty-stricken areas.

Electricity access in poor areas has been improved through power grid construction projects such as power supply to areas without electricity, upgrading of rural power grids, and construction of trunk power grids and power transmission channels. Now, more remote areas are connected to power grids, and almost all rural areas enjoy a steady power supply.

Communications infrastructure has been extended in poverty-stricken areas. Now, over 98% of poor villages have access to optical fiber communications (OFC) and 4G technology; distance education is available at more schools in impoverished areas; telemedicine and e-commerce cover all designated poor counties. All of this represents an unprecedented pace of development of IT application in poverty-stricken areas.

This comprehensive range of infrastructure improvements has resolved many historical problems trapping poor areas in poverty, facilitated the flows of personnel, logistics, knowledge and information between poor areas and the outside world, and provided solid support for social and economic development in impoverished areas.

基本公共服務水平明顯提升。在解決好貧困人口吃飯、穿衣、居住等溫飽問題基礎上，大力提升貧困地區教育、醫療、文化、社會保障等基本公共服務水平，實現貧困人口學有所教、病有所醫、老有所養、弱有所扶，為貧困地區發展夯實基礎、積蓄后勁。2013年以來，累計改造貧困地區義務教育薄弱學校10.8萬所，實現貧困地區適齡兒童都能在所在村上幼兒園和小學。貧困地區公共文化服務水平不斷提高，截至2020年底，中西部22個省份基層文化中心建設完成比例達到99.48%，基本實現村級文化設施全覆蓋；持續推進文化下鄉，貧困群眾也有了豐富多彩的業余文化生活。貧困地區醫療條件顯著改善，消除了鄉村兩級醫療衛生機構和人員“空白點”，98%的貧困縣至少有一所二級以上醫院，貧困地區縣級醫院收治病種中位數達到全國縣級醫院整體水平的90%，貧困人口的常見病、慢性病基本能夠就近獲得及時診治，越來越多的大病在縣域內就可以得到有效救治。綜合保障體系逐步健全，貧困縣農村低保標準全部超過國家扶貧標準，1936萬貧困人口納入農村低保或特困救助供養政策；6098萬貧困人口參加了城鄉居民基本養老保險，基本實現應保盡保。

Basic public services have been improved. In addition to providing adequate food, clothing and safe housing for the impoverished, China has intensified efforts to improve basic public services covering education, healthcare, culture and social security. The goal is to guarantee impoverished people access to education, medical services, elderly care and social assistance, so as to support development in poverty-stricken areas.

Since 2013, China has renovated 108,000 schools to strengthen the provision of compulsory education in poor areas, and ensured that all school-age rural children receive kindergarten and elementary education within their own villages.

Public cultural services in poor areas have also been improved. By the end of 2020, 99.48% of villages in 22 provinces and equivalent administrative units in central and western China had seen their own cultural centers completed. The campaign of bringing culture to the countryside has enriched the cultural life of the rural poor.

There has been a notable improvement in healthcare provision in poor areas. This program has remedied the shortfall in medical workers and institutions at village and township level. 98% of the designated poor counties now have at least one grade-two hospital. The county-level hospitals in impoverished areas can treat 90% of the diseases that general county-level hospitals can. The impoverished can now have common ailments and chronic diseases treated at nearby medical institutions in a timely manner, and more major illnesses can be effectively treated at county-level hospitals.

Comprehensive social security systems are now in place in poor areas. The standards of eligibility for rural subsistence allowances in designated poor counties are all higher than the national poverty threshold.

Some 19.36 million impoverished people have been covered by rural subsistence allowances or extreme poverty relief funds, and 60.98 million by basic pension schemes for rural and non-working urban residents, achieving nearly 100% coverage.

經濟持續快速發展。脫貧攻堅極大釋放了貧困地區蘊含的潛力，為經濟發展注入強大動力。產業結構顯著改善，特色優勢產業不斷發展，電子商務、光伏、旅游等新業態新產業蓬勃興起，推動了貧困地區經濟多元化發展，擴大了市場有效供給，厚植了經濟發展基礎。貧困地區的地區生產總值持續保持較快增長，2015年以來，人均一般公共預算收入年均增幅高出同期全國平均水平約7個百分點。收入的持續穩定增長，激發了貧困群眾提升生活品質、豐富精神文化生活的需求，拉動了龐大的農村消費，為促進國內大循環提供了支撐。

The economy has achieved sustained and rapid growth. The battle against poverty has released the potential of poor areas, and injected vigor into their economic development.

Poverty-stricken areas have seen notable improvements in their economic structure. Businesses that leverage local strengths have been growing and thriving, including such new forms as e-commerce, photovoltaic technology, and tourism. The economy in poor areas has diversified, and effective market supply has increased. These developments provide solid foundations for economic growth.

The GDP of impoverished areas has maintained rapid growth. Since 2015, the average annual increment in per capita revenue from the national general public budget has been seven percentage points higher than the national average. A steady increase in incomes has created higher demand for life quality and cultural activities. This has stimulated a surge in consumption in rural areas, and provided support for the domestic economy.

優秀文化傳承弘揚。加強貧困地區傳統文化、特色文化、民族文化的保護、傳承和弘揚，貧困地區優秀文化繁榮發展。實施國家傳統工藝振興工程，引導和推動革命老區、民族地區、邊疆地區、貧困地區保護好、發展好當地優秀傳統技藝。支持貧困地區深入挖掘民族文化、紅色文化、鄉土文化、非物質文化遺產特色資源，加強保護研究、人才培養、展示推廣，打造特色文化旅游產業。開展留存扶貧印記活動，建立貧困村扶貧檔案，鼓勵支持扶貧題材影視文藝作品創作，生動記錄脫貧致富歷程。貧困地區優秀文化的保護傳承，既促進了貧困群眾增收致富，也延續了文脈、留住了鄉愁。

Cultural heritage has been protected. China has strengthened the protection and promotion of traditional culture, folk culture and ethnic culture in poor areas to maintain a wealth of cultural diversity. It has implemented the Plan on the Revitalization of Traditional Chinese Craftsmanship to protect and develop fine craftsmanship in old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations, border areas, and poverty-stricken areas. It has supported poor areas to develop cultural resources with local characteristics, including ethnic culture, revolutionary sites, folk culture, and intangible cultural heritage. Local governments in poor areas have developed tourism there by conserving and promoting these cultural resources and training support staff. China has paid attention to keeping a record of the experiences of ordinary people in poverty alleviation, such as archives of poor villages, films, TV programs and literary works themed on poverty alleviation. Through the protection and promotion of cultural heritage in poor areas, the impoverished have gained additional income while retaining their cultural roots.

生態環境更美更好。將扶貧開發與水土保持、環境保護、生態建設相結合，通過生態扶貧、農村人居環境整治、生態脆弱地區易地扶貧搬遷等措施，貧困地區生態保護水平明顯改善，守護了綠水青山、換來了金山銀山。脫貧攻堅既促進了貧困人口“增收”，又促進了貧困地區“增綠”，極大改善了貧困地區生態環境，廣大農村舊貌換了新顏，生態宜居水平不斷提高。

The eco-environment has improved. China has integrated development-driven poverty alleviation with soil and water conservation and eco-environmental conservation. By developing the eco-economy, improving the rural living environment, and relocating the impoverished from inhospitable areas to places with better economic prospects, there have been remarkable improvements in the eco-environment of poverty-stricken areas. Lucid waters and lush mountains have become their invaluable assets. Through the fight against poverty, China has increased the incomes of the impoverished, improved the eco-environment of poor areas, and made the vast rural areas more livable spaces for their inhabitants.

深度貧困地區是貧中之貧、堅中之堅。通過脫貧攻堅，“三區三州”【“三區”是指：西藏自治區、新疆維吾爾自治區南疆四地州和四川省、云南省、甘肅省、青海省涉藏州縣。“三州”是指：四川省涼山彝族自治州、云南省怒江傈僳族自治州和甘肅省臨夏回族自治州。】等深度貧困地區突出問題得到根本解決，基礎設施和公共服務水平顯著提升，特色主導產業加快發展，社會文明程度明顯提高，區域性整體貧困問題徹底解決。

Severely impoverished areas are the top priority in China's battle against poverty. The "three areas and three prefectures" [ The "three areas" refer to the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Hotan, Aksu, Kashgar prefectures and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang, and prefectures and counties with large Tibetan populations in the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai. The "three prefectures" refer to the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, and the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu Province. ] in extreme poverty have seen notable improvements in infrastructure, public services, and civil communal behavior, as well as rapid development in industries and businesses that leverage local strengths. All of these efforts have brought an end to regional and overall poverty.

（三）脫貧群眾精神風貌煥然一新

3. Those Who Have Been Lifted Out of Poverty Adopt a New Mindset

脫貧攻堅既是一場深刻的物質革命，也是一場深刻的思想革命；既取得了物質上的累累碩果，也取得了精神上的累累碩果。貧困群眾的精神世界在脫貧攻堅中得到充實和升華，信心更堅、腦子更活、心氣更足，發生了從內而外的深刻改變。

The battle against poverty is a profound revolution and complete victory on both material and theoretical level. Through this battle, the mindset of the poor has been enriched and sublimed – they have greater confidence, more active minds, and higher aspirations; they have experienced a thorough transformation from the inside to the outside.

脫貧致富熱情高漲。脫貧攻堅不僅使貧困群眾拓寬了增收渠道、增加了收入，而且喚醒了貧困群眾對美好生活的追求，極大提振和重塑了貧困群眾自力更生、自強不息，勤勞致富、勤儉持家，創業干事、創優爭先的精氣神，增強了脫貧致富的信心和勁頭。“好日子是干出來的”，貧困群眾比著把日子往好里過，依靠自己的辛勤勞動擺脫貧困，形成了你追我趕奔小康的濃厚氛圍。

The impoverished have a deep desire to rid themselves of the shackles of poverty and achieve prosperity. The poverty relief efforts have not only widened channels for the impoverished to improve their material welfare but rekindled their desire to seek a better life as well. Impoverished people have been inspired to seek prosperity through hard work, self-reliance, frugality and entrepreneurship, and strive for excellence. They are highly motivated and have more confidence about getting rid of poverty. As the Chinese people always say, "Good days come after hard work". They are ready to compete in the race to prosperity.

主人翁意識顯著提升。脫貧攻堅為貧困群眾參與集體事務搭建了新的平臺。扶貧項目實施、資金使用等村級重大事項決策，實行“四議兩公開”【“四議兩公開”，是指在村黨組織領導下對村級事務進行民主決策的基本工作程序。“四議”指黨支部會提議、村“兩委”會商議、黨員大會審議、村民代表會議或村民會議決議；“兩公開”指決議公開、實施結果公開。】，建立健全村務監督機制，推廣村民議事會、扶貧理事會等制度，讓村民做到“大家的事大家議、大家辦”，拓展了貧困群眾參與脫貧攻堅的議事管事空間，提高了參與集體事務的積極性自覺性，激發了建設家鄉的熱情，鄉村發展的凝聚力大大增強。

The impoverished have a stronger sense of self-reliance. The poverty alleviation work has set up a new platform for the impoverished to participate in collective affairs. When making major decisions on the implementation of poverty relief projects and the use of funds at the village level, villagers have carried out a "4+2" system [ "4+2" system refers to the democratic policy-making process on village affairs under the leadership of village Party organizations. "4" means four steps: Proposals should be put forward by the Party branch, jointly discussed by the village committee and the Party branch, and deliberated by Party members, and resolutions should be adopted by villagers' representatives; "2" means transparency on two levels – resolutions and implementation results should be made known to the public. ]. The oversight mechanisms for village affairs and villagers' councils and poverty relief councils have been improved to ensure that public affairs are discussed and handled by everyone. Under these arrangements, the impoverished have participated more in the decision making and implementation process in the battle against poverty. They have been more motivated to participate actively in collective affairs, more enthusiastic to build up their hometown, and more cohesive to develop the countryside.

現代觀念不斷增強。脫貧攻堅打開了貧困地區通往外部世界的大門。交通基礎設施的改善打通了貧困地區與外界的聯系，公共文化事業的發展豐富了貧困群眾的精神文化生活，網絡的普及讓貧困群眾增長了見識、開闊了視野。貧困群眾的開放意識、創新意識、科技意識、規則意識、市場意識等顯著增強，脫貧致富的點子越來越多、路子越來越寬。

The impoverished have been constantly upgrading their mindsets. The battle against poverty has opened the door to the outside world for poverty-stricken areas. Improvements in transport infrastructure have established links between poor areas and the outside world; development of public cultural undertakings has enriched the cultural life of impoverished people; with better access to the internet, the poor have greater knowledge, broader horizons, and a deeper understanding of openness, innovation, technology, rules and markets. They are capable of generating more ideas and opening wider channels for poverty alleviation.

文明新風廣泛弘揚。深化貧困地區文明村鎮和文明家庭、“五好”家庭創建，持續推進新時代文明實踐中心建設，發揮村規民約作用，推廣道德評議會、紅白理事會等做法，開展移風易俗行動，開展弘揚好家風、“星級文明戶”評選、尋找“最美家庭”等活動，社會主義核心價值觀廣泛傳播，貧困地區文明程度顯著提升。儉樸節約、綠色環保、講究衛生等科學、健康、文明的生活方式成為貧困群眾的新追求，婚事新辦、喪事簡辦、孝親敬老、鄰里和睦、扶危濟困、扶弱助殘等社會風尚廣泛弘揚，既有鄉土氣息又有現代時尚的新時代鄉村文明新風正在形成。

Cultural and ethical work has been advancing in impoverished regions. Civility villages and towns are being built in poverty-stricken areas, and civil families cultivated under the "Five Family Virtues" program (encouraging respect for the law, diligent study, family planning, domestic harmony, and industrious and thrifty management of the household). Social etiquette, village rules, agreements among villagers, and councils on moral issues, weddings and funerals have been promoted, to update outmoded and undesirable habits and customs. Activities, such as competition for best households and families, have been organized to carry forward cherished family traditions, spread core socialist values, and enhance social etiquette and civility. Scientific, healthy and civilized new ways of life which are simple, green, eco-friendly, and hygienic have been embraced by the villagers. Good social practices, including modest weddings and funerals, filial piety, harmonious neighborhoods, and helping the needy, the weak and the disabled, have been promoted. In the new era, new cultural practices with a local and modern essence are developing in rural areas.

（四）特殊困難群體生存發展權利有效保障

4. Protecting the Rights of Special Groups to Basic Needs and Development

中國高度重視婦女、兒童、老人和殘疾人等群體中特殊困難人員的生存和發展，采取特殊政策，加大幫扶力度，特殊困難群體的福利水平持續提高，生存權利充分保障，發展機會明顯增多。

China prioritizes the basic rights of subsistence and development of the disadvantaged groups among women, children, the elderly, and the disabled. The nation has enacted favorable policies and provided more assistance to raise the welfare level of these groups.

貧困婦女生存發展狀況顯著改善。堅持男女平等基本國策，將婦女作為重點扶貧對象，實現脫貧的近1億貧困人口中婦女約占一半。實施《中國婦女發展綱要（2011－2020年）》，把緩解婦女貧困程度、減少貧困婦女數量放在優先位置，扶貧政策、資金、措施優先向貧困婦女傾斜，幫助貧困婦女解決最困難最憂慮最急迫的問題。累計對1021萬名貧困婦女和婦女骨干進行各類技能培訓，500多萬名貧困婦女通過手工、種植養殖、家政、電商等增收脫貧。累計發放婦女小額擔保貸款和扶貧小額信貸4500多億元，870萬名婦女通過小額擔保貸款和扶貧小額信貸實現創業增收。19.2萬名貧困患病婦女獲得救助，婦女宮頸癌、乳腺癌免費檢查項目在貧困地區實現全覆蓋。通過“母親水窖”“母親健康快車”“母親郵包”等公益項目，投入公益資金41.7億元，惠及貧困婦女5000余萬人次。

Living conditions of impoverished women have been improving. China adheres to the fundamental national policy of gender equality, and sees women as a key target in poverty alleviation. Among nearly 100 million who have shaken off poverty, women account for half. By implementing the Outline of Women's Development in China (2011-2020), China has given priority to helping women alleviate poverty and reducing the number of women in poverty, given preferential treatment to women when making poverty alleviation policies, allocated funds and taken measures, and helped them solve the most difficult, most worrying and most pressing problems. A total of 10.21 million impoverished women have received skills training, over 5 million of whom have increased their incomes through activities such as handicrafts, crop and animal husbandry, housekeeping and e-business. Small-sum guaranteed loans and micro credit amounting to more than RMB450 billion have been provided to impoverished women, which have helped 8.7 million women to start businesses and increase their incomes. China has assisted 192,000 women who suffer from poverty and diseases and launched a program of free cervical and breast cancer checkups to cover all women in poverty-stricken areas. RMB4.17 billion has been invested in titled campaigns to provide 50 million impoverished mothers in impoverished areas with infrastructure and health benefits, as well as daily necessities.

困境兒童關愛水平明顯提高。實施《中國兒童發展綱要（2011－2020年）》《國家貧困地區兒童發展規劃（2014－2020年）》，對兒童教育和健康實施全過程保障和干預。開展兒童營養知識宣傳和健康教育，實施貧困地區兒童營養改善項目，提高貧困地區兒童健康水平，為集中連片特困地區6－24月齡嬰幼兒每天免費提供1包輔食營養補充品，截至2020年底，累計1120萬兒童受益。實施出生缺陷干預救助項目，為先天性結構畸形、部分遺傳代謝病和地中海貧血貧困患病兒童提供醫療費用補助，累計救助患兒4.1萬名，撥付救助金4.7億元。組織各類志愿者與孤兒、農村留守兒童、困境兒童結對，開展關愛幫扶，覆蓋兒童和家長2519.2萬人次。建立兒童之家28萬余所、兒童快樂家園1200余個，為留守、困境兒童提供文體娛樂、心理疏導、生活照顧、家教指導等關愛服務。大幅提高孤兒保障水平，機構集中養育孤兒和社會散居孤兒平均保障標準分別達到每人每月1611.3元和1184.3元。實施孤兒醫療康復明天計劃項目，累計投入17億元、惠及22.3萬名病殘孤兒。實施福彩夢圓孤兒助學工程，累計投入5.4億元、惠及在校就讀孤兒5.4萬人次。建立事實無人撫養兒童保障制度，25.3萬名事實無人撫養兒童參照當地孤兒保障標準納入保障范圍。

Extending greater care to deprived children. China has implemented the Outline on the Development of Chinese Children (2011-2020) and the National Development Plan for Children in Poor Areas (2014-2020) to provide security for children's education and health and deliver interventions when required. Efforts have been made to popularize knowledge on children's nutrition and health. Following the implementation of nutritional improvement projects for children in impoverished areas, children in these regions now enjoy better health. The government gives a free daily pack of nutritional dietary supplements to every baby and toddler aged 6-24 months in contiguous destitute areas. By the end of 2020, a total of 11.2 million children in those areas had benefitted from this project. Birth defect prevention & relief programs have been launched to help cover medical expenses for children who suffer from poverty and serious diseases such as congenital malformations, some inherited metabolic disorders, and thalassemia. A total of RMB470 million has been allocated for the care of 41,000 sick children. China has organized volunteers to pair up with orphans, deprived children, and children of migrant workers left at home in the countryside, providing care and help to 25.19 million children and parents. More than 280,000 children's homes and over 1,200 children's happy homes have been built to give entertainment, psychological counseling, life care and tutoring to deprived children and children of migrant workers left at home in the countryside. China continues to improve the protection of orphans' rights and interests, with monthly allowance for orphans in welfare institutions and families that provide temporary care totaling RMB1,611 and RMB1,184 per person respectively. China has invested RMB1.7 billion in the Tomorrow Plan for Rehabilitation of Handicapped Orphans to offer operations and rehabilitation to 223,000 orphans with disabilities. RMB540 million from the public welfare has been used to carry out a program to support school education for 54,000 orphans. A support system for de facto orphans has been established in China to cover 253,000 such children.

貧困老年人生活和服務保障顯著改善。持續提高農村養老金待遇和貧困老年人口醫療保障水平，農村老年人口貧困問題進一步解決。經濟困難的高齡、失能等老年人補貼制度全面建立，惠及3689萬老年人。實施老年健康西部行項目，在西部貧困地區開展老年健康宣傳教育，組織醫務人員、志愿者開展義診和健康指導服務，促進西部老年人健康素養和健康水平提高。建立農村留守老年人關愛服務制度，推動貧困老年人醫療保障從救治為主向健康服務為主轉變。加強失能貧困老年人關愛照護，全面開展核查，確認62.7萬失能貧困老年人，落實家庭醫生簽約服務59萬人，失能貧困老年人健康狀況明顯改善。

Continuing to provide services and improve the lives of impoverished senior citizens. China has raised the amount of basic pension in rural areas and subsidies for basic medical insurance for poor seniors to further reduce poverty among the elderly in rural areas. The subsidy system for the poor population of advanced age and incapacitated seniors has been put in place, benefiting 36.89 million people. The government has initiated a program for the elderly in the western regions to promote health awareness among seniors in poverty-stricken areas, and organized medical workers and volunteers to provide free medical services and offer advice on health matters. China has developed a system to support and care for elderly people left behind by their families in the countryside after their grown-up children have moved to the cities in search of employment. It has shifted the focus of medical security for the impoverished elderly from medical treatment to health services. More care has been provided for incapacitated seniors living below the poverty line. On the basis of an overall inspection, China has verified 627,000 impoverished seniors who lost the ability to take care of themselves and extended contracted family doctor services to 590,000 of them, significantly improving their health.

貧困殘疾人保障水平全面提升。700多萬貧困殘疾人如期脫貧，創造了人類減貧史上殘疾人特殊困難群體消除貧困的奇跡。困難殘疾人生活補貼和重度殘疾人護理補貼制度惠及2400多萬殘疾人。1066.7萬殘疾人納入最低生活保障。貧困殘疾人全部納入基本醫療保險、大病保險，54.7萬貧困殘疾人得到醫療救助。178.5萬戶貧困殘疾人家庭住房安全問題得到解決。貧困殘疾人的特殊需求得到更好保障，8萬余名家庭經濟困難的殘疾兒童接受普惠性學前教育。65.3萬戶貧困重度殘疾人家庭完成無障礙改造，貧困重度殘疾人照護服務創新實踐取得顯著成效。

Strengthening the protection of impoverished people with disabilities in an all-round way. More than 7 million poor people with disabilities have been lifted out of poverty as scheduled. This is a historic achievement in poverty alleviation among groups with special difficulties. The systems for providing living allowances for poor people with disabilities and nursing subsidies for severely disabled persons cover more than 24 million. China includes 10.67 million people with disabilities in the system of subsistence allowances. Poor people with disabilities are now all covered by basic medical insurance and serious illness insurance. Among them, 547,000 people have received medical assistance. China has made efforts to ensure 1.79 million poor households with one or more disabled members live in secure housing. The special needs of impoverished people with disabilities are being met. More than 80,000 disadvantaged children with disabilities have received generally beneficiary pre-school education. The houses of 653,000 impoverished households with severely disabled members have been upgraded for better accessibility. New progress has been made in nursing care for poor and severely disabled people.

（五）貧困地區基層治理能力顯著提升

5. Significantly Improving Grassroots Social Governance in Poverty-stricken Areas

脫貧攻堅是國家治理體系和治理能力現代化在貧困治理領域的成功實踐。打贏脫貧攻堅戰，促進了國家貧困治理體系的完善，貧困地區基層治理體系進一步健全、治理能力顯著提升。

The fight against poverty is a successful exercise in the modernization of China's system and capacity for governance. Our success in this battle has improved our poverty governance, and significantly improved China's systems and capacity for grassroots social governance in impoverished areas.

農村基層黨組織更加堅強。農村基層黨組織是中國共產黨在農村全部工作和戰斗力的基礎，是貫徹落實扶貧工作決策部署的戰斗堡壘。堅持抓黨建促脫貧攻堅、抓扶貧先強班子，整頓軟弱渙散基層黨組織，精準選派貧困村黨組織第一書記、駐村工作隊，把農村致富能手、退役軍人、外出務工經商返鄉人員、農民合作社負責人、大學生村官等群體中具有奉獻精神、吃苦耐勞、勇于創新的優秀黨員選配到村黨組織書記崗位上，基層黨組織的戰斗堡壘作用不斷增強，凝聚力戰斗力號召力明顯提高，黨群干群關系更加密切，貧困地區群眾對黨和政府的信賴、信任、信心進一步增強，黨在農村的執政基礎更加牢固。

Stronger grassroots Party organizations in rural areas. Grassroots Party organizations are the cornerstone of the CPC's rural work, playing a key role in ensuring that decisions and plans on poverty alleviation are implemented. China has strengthened the leading group to win this battle against poverty. Weak and slack grassroots Party organizations have been rectified and consolidated, and first Party secretaries and resident working teams are carefully selected and dispatched to poverty-stricken villages. We select a range of people as village leaders to hold the post of secretary of village Party organizations – hard-working, dedicated, and innovative Party members from those who have lifted themselves out of poverty in rural areas, veterans, returning migrant workers and business people, heads of farmer cooperatives, and college graduates. Village Party branches perform a decisive role in this battle, and continue to enhance their cohesion and skills. With closer relations between the villagers and village officials, and between the Party and the people, people in poverty-stricken areas have greater trust and confidence in the Party and the government, laying solid foundations for the Party's governance in rural areas.

基層群眾自治更加有效。脫貧攻堅有力推動了貧困地區基層民主政治建設，基層治理更具活力。村委會（居委會）作用更好發揮，貧困群眾自我管理、自我教育、自我服務、自我監督不斷加強。認真落實村（居）務公開，堅持重大問題民主決策。堅持群眾的事由群眾商量著辦，群眾的事由群眾定，群眾參與基層治理的積極性主動性創造性進一步增強。脫貧攻堅之初，很多貧困村幾乎沒有集體經濟收入，到2020年底全國貧困村的村均集體經濟收入超過12萬元。穩定的集體經濟收入改變了很多村級組織過去沒錢辦事的困境，增強了村級組織自我保障和服務群眾的能力。

Grassroots governance is becoming more effective. Grassroots democracy has advanced in poverty-stricken areas as a result of the battle against poverty, inspiring vitality in local communities. Villagers and residents committees are more actively involved, while the poor are able to do more in improving their own management, education, services and supervision. Village affairs have become more transparent, so that villagers can discuss and direct their own affairs and engage in democratic decision-making on issues of importance. The public are becoming increasingly active and are breaking new ground in grassroots governance. At the beginning of poverty alleviation, many poor villages had little collective income. By the end of 2020, the average collective income in impoverished villages across the country had exceeded RMB120,000. With a steady collective income, many village organizations have become more capable of keeping operations running and serving the people.

懂農業、愛農村、愛農民的“三農”工作隊伍不斷壯大。2013年以來，全國累計選派300多萬名第一書記和駐村干部開展精準幫扶。廣大基層干部和扶貧干部心系貧困群眾、甘愿犧牲奉獻，滿腔熱情地為貧困群眾辦實事、解難題，贏得了貧困群眾發自內心的認可。在脫貧攻堅的艱苦磨礪中，廣大基層干部和扶貧干部堅韌、樂觀、充滿奮斗精神，帶領群眾脫貧致富的信心更加堅定、本領進一步增強。大批教育、科技、醫療衛生、文化等領域的專業人才支援貧困地區建設，大批企業家到貧困地區投資興業，很多高校畢業生放棄城市的優厚待遇回到農村建設家鄉。變富變美的農村吸引力不斷增強，大批熱愛農村、扎根農村、建設農村的人才留下來，為農業農村現代化繼續貢獻力量。

Increasing the number of rural service personnel who have a good knowledge of agriculture, love our rural areas, and care about rural people. Since 2013, more than 3 million first Party secretaries and resident working team members have been selected and dispatched to carry out targeted poverty alleviation. Officials working at the grassroots and poverty relief officials always concern themselves first and foremost with the interests of the poor. They dedicate themselves to practical actions and solving tough problems for the poor, and thereby win public approval. Going through hardships in the battle against poverty, persistent, optimistic, hard-working grassroots officials and poverty relief officials have become more confident in motivating people to shake off poverty and more capable of doing it. A large number of professionals and entrepreneurs in fields such as education, science and technology, healthcare and culture have gone to poverty-stricken regions to aid construction and make investments. Many college graduates have resisted the temptation of much better pay and benefits in cities to go back and help their hometowns in rural areas. Becoming more prosperous and attractive, rural areas are better able to attract and retain talented professionals who love the countryside, encouraging them to take roots and assist with agricultural and rural modernization.

社會治理水平明顯提升。脫貧攻堅為貧困地區帶來了先進發展理念、現代科技手段、科學管理模式，顯著提升了貧困地區的社會治理水平。脫貧攻堅行之有效的制度體系和方法手段，為基層社會治理探索了新路徑，促進了網格化管理、精細化服務、信息化支撐、開放共享的基層管理服務體系的建立和完善，社會治理的社會化、法治化、智能化、專業化水平進一步提升，基層社會矛盾預防和化解能力顯著增強，貧困地區社會更加和諧、穩定、有序。

Notable progress made in strengthening China's capacity for social governance. China's poverty relief efforts have brought advanced concepts of development, modern technology, and scientific management models to impoverished areas, significantly improving social governance. In the process, China has explored new ways in grassroots social governance, and put in place an open and information-based grassroots system to provide a gridded management model and better services for everyone. All these have strengthened public participation and rule of law in social governance, and made it smarter and more specialized, improving the ability of the grassroots to prevent and resolve conflicts, and helping maintain harmony, stability and order in impoverished areas.

脫貧攻堅戰取得全面勝利，創造了中國減貧史乃至人類減貧史上的偉大奇跡，極大增強了中華民族的自信心自豪感和凝聚力向心力，極大增強了中國人民的道路自信、理論自信、制度自信、文化自信，極大增強了中國人民創造更加美好生活的信心和底氣。這一偉大勝利，彰顯了中國共產黨始終堅守的初心使命和強大政治領導力、思想引領力、群眾組織力、社會號召力，彰顯了中國特色社會主義制度集中力量辦大事的優勢，彰顯了中國精神、中國價值、中國力量，彰顯了中國人民為實現夢想拼搏奮斗、敢教日月換新天的意志品質，彰顯了中華民族無所畏懼、不屈不撓、敢于斗爭、堅決戰勝前進道路上一切困難和挑戰的精神品格。脫貧攻堅偉大實踐鍛造形成“上下同心、盡銳出戰、精準務實、開拓創新、攻堅克難、不負人民”的脫貧攻堅精神，賡續傳承了偉大民族精神和時代精神，將激勵中國人民為創造美好未來繼續奮斗。

Our complete victory over extreme poverty is an outstanding achievement in the history of both China and humanity. It has reinforced the Chinese nation's self-belief and its sense of pride, cohesiveness and affinity. It has strengthened the people's confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and given them trust in their ability to build a better life. This great victory shows that the CPC has held fast to its original aspiration and mission, and demonstrates its ability to lead politically, to guide through theory, to organize the people, and to inspire society. It shows the strength of socialism with Chinese characteristics in pooling resources to solve major problems. It highlights China's spirit, China's values, China's strength, and the willpower of the Chinese people to strive to realize dreams with bold resolve which dares to make sun and moon shine in new skies. It exemplifies the fearless and indomitable character of the Chinese nation, determined to struggle and resolutely overcome all difficulties and challenges along the way. A will to unite as one, do our best, set targets, adopt a pragmatic approach, be pioneers, innovate, tackle tough issues head-on, and live up to our people's trust, has formed in the great endeavors of poverty alleviation. It has fostered a Chinese ethos and a readiness to respond to the call of our times, and will continue to inspire our people to create a better future.

三、實施精準扶貧方略

III. The Strategy of Targeted Poverty Alleviation

對于貧困人口規模龐大的國家，找準貧困人口、實施扶真貧是普遍性難題。脫貧攻堅貴在精準、重在精準，成敗之舉在于精準。中國在脫貧攻堅實踐中，積極借鑒國際經驗，緊密結合中國實際，創造性地提出并實施精準扶貧方略，做到扶持對象、項目安排、資金使用、措施到戶、因村派人、脫貧成效“六個精準”，實施發展生產、易地搬遷、生態補償、發展教育、社會保障兜底“五個一批”，解決好扶持誰、誰來扶、怎么扶、如何退、如何穩“五個問題”，增強了脫貧攻堅的目標針對性，提升了脫貧攻堅的整體效能。

Identifying those truly in need is a universal problem in countries with a large population in poverty. Accurate identification of the poor and targeted measures is central to any effort to eradicate poverty. In its poverty elimination effort, China has actively learned from international experience, fully considered its actual conditions, and launched a series of guidelines and measures to increase efficiency, summarized as accomplishing "Targeted Efforts in Six Areas" [ This refers to efforts to identify the poor accurately, arrange targeted programs, utilize capital efficiently, take household-based measures, dispatch first Party secretaries based on village conditions, and achieve the set goals.], taking "Five Measures for Poverty Eradication" [ The measures include: boosting the economy to provide more job opportunities, relocating poor people from inhospitable areas, compensating for economic losses associated with reducing ecological damage, improving education in impoverished areas, and providing subsistence allowances for those unable to shake off poverty through their own efforts alone. ], and addressing "Five Questions in Poverty Alleviation" [ This refers to these questions: who should help, who should be helped, how to help, how to evaluate whether someone has emerged from poverty, and how to ensure those people stay free from poverty. ].

（一）精準識別、建檔立卡，解決“扶持誰”的問題

1. Identifying People in Need to Know Whom to Help

扶貧必先識貧。中國貧困人口規模大、結構復雜，實現精準扶貧首先要精準識貧。科學制定貧困識別的標準和程序，組織基層干部進村入戶，摸清貧困人口分布、致貧原因、幫扶需求等情況。貧困戶識別以農戶收入為基本依據，綜合考慮住房、教育、健康等情況，通過農戶申請、民主評議、公示公告、逐級審核的方式，進行整戶識別；貧困村識別綜合考慮行政村貧困發生率、村民人均純收入和村集體經濟收入等情況，按照村委會申請、鄉政府審核公示、縣級審定公告等程序確定。對識別出的貧困村和貧困人口建檔立卡，建立起全國統一的扶貧信息系統。組織開展“回頭看”，實行動態管理，及時剔除識別不準人口、補錄新識別人口，提高識別準確率。建檔立卡在中國扶貧史上第一次實現貧困信息精準到村到戶到人，精確瞄準了脫貧攻堅的對象，第一次逐戶分析致貧原因和脫貧需求，第一次構建起國家扶貧信息平臺，為實施精準扶貧精準脫貧提供了有力的數據支撐。

To help the poor, we must know who they are. China had a large poor population, which was complex in composition. China has developed a set of standards and procedures to accurately identify the poor, and grassroots officials have spent time in villages analyzing the distribution of the poor population, the causes of their poverty, and their needs. Poor households are identified primarily based on their incomes, with consideration given to other factors such as housing, education and health. Household applications for poverty registration are discussed and reviewed, disclosed for public supervision, and then evaluated by each level of administration. For administrative villages applying to be registered, consideration is given to the incidence of poverty, the per capita net income of the villagers, and income from businesses run by village collectives. Applications are filed by the village committee, reviewed and disclosed by the township government, and examined by the county government before the results are made public. The individuals and villages confirmed as poor are then registered and a file is created in the national poverty alleviation information system. Dynamic management of the poor population has been strengthened to remove those who have been wrongly identified and to add those newly identified, with an emphasis on accuracy. Through this registration system, for the first time in the history of poverty alleviation, China has identified every poor individual in every village, every poor household has the causes of their poverty and their needs registered with the government. The national information platform on poverty alleviation provides powerful IT support for targeted measures to realize the set goals.

（二）加強領導、建強隊伍，解決“誰來扶”的問題

2. Strengthening Leadership and Team-building to Know How to Offer Help

脫貧攻堅涉及面廣、要素繁多、極其復雜，需要強有力的組織領導和貫徹執行。充分發揮黨的政治優勢、組織優勢，建立中央統籌、省負總責、市縣抓落實的脫貧攻堅管理體制和片為重點、工作到村、扶貧到戶的工作機制，構建起橫向到邊、縱向到底的工作體系。各級黨委充分發揮總攬全局、協調各方的作用，執行脫貧攻堅一把手負責制，中西部22個省份黨政主要負責同志向中央簽署責任書、立下軍令狀，省市縣鄉村五級書記一起抓。脫貧攻堅期內，貧困縣黨委政府正職保持穩定。有脫貧任務的地區，倒排工期、落實責任，抓緊施工、強力推進。脫貧攻堅任務重的地區，把脫貧攻堅作為頭等大事和第一民生工程，以脫貧攻堅統攬經濟社會發展全局。實行最嚴格的考核評估和監督檢查，組織脫貧攻堅專項巡視，開展扶貧領域腐敗和作風問題專項治理，加強脫貧攻堅督導和監察，確保扶貧工作務實、脫貧過程扎實、脫貧結果真實，使脫貧攻堅成果經得起實踐和歷史檢驗。建立健全干部擔當作為的激勵和保護機制，加大關心關愛干部力度，樹立正確用人導向，引導廣大干部在決勝脫貧攻堅中奮發有為、履職盡責。加強基層扶貧隊伍建設，普遍建立干部駐村幫扶工作隊制度，按照因村派人、精準選派的原則，選派政治素質好、工作能力強、作風實的干部駐村扶貧。廣大駐村干部牢記使命、不負重托，心系貧困群眾，扎根基層扶貧一線，傾心傾力幫助貧困群眾找出路、謀發展、早脫貧。從2013年開始向貧困村選派第一書記和駐村工作隊，到2015年，實現每個貧困村都有駐村工作隊、每個貧困戶都有幫扶責任人。截至2020年底，全國累計選派25.5萬個駐村工作隊、300多萬名第一書記和駐村干部，同近200萬名鄉鎮干部和數百萬村干部一道奮戰在扶貧一線。

Poverty eradication work covers a wide range of areas and is extremely complex, thus requiring rigorous organization, leadership, and implementation. Relying on the CPC's political and organizational strength, China has established a poverty eradication management network with the central government acting as coordinator, provincial governments taking overall responsibility, and city and county governments overseeing implementation. The network covers all poor areas and officials are sent to villages to help every needy household. Party committees at all levels have assumed an overall coordinating role and assigned top officials to take charge of poverty eradication affairs. The leading officials of 22 provinces and equivalent administrative units in central and western China signed written pledges to the Party Central Committee, and Party secretaries at the five administrative levels of province, city, county, township and village have worked towards the same goal. During the poverty eradication campaign, Party committee secretaries and county governors have been required to remain unchanged in their posts. Areas tasked with poverty elimination worked out timetables with a clear division of responsibilities and pressed forward with implementation. In places where the work was particularly difficult, the fight against poverty became the top priority of social and economic development. Through the strictest possible evaluation and supervision, as well as specialized inspection tours, China has addressed any corruption and misconduct in poverty alleviation with rigor, and strengthened the evaluation and supervision of results to ensure solid and authentic outcomes that can survive the test of time and practice. China has improved the incentives for encouraging officials to fulfill responsibilities and undertake initiatives, and the relevant mechanisms to protect their position. By giving more attention to and caring for officials and establishing the right approach to their selection and appointment, the government has given them the incentive to fulfill their duties and do their best in the final fight against poverty. China has strengthened its team of grassroots officials working in poverty alleviation, and formed resident working teams to assign officials to villages where they could be most useful. Officials on the resident working teams must be politically reliable and professional, and have a can-do approach to their work. Officials on these teams have dedicated themselves to their mission and fulfilled their duties, committing themselves to helping those in need on the front line of fighting poverty, and giving their all to help the poor find ways to emerge from poverty and seek development. The first group of first secretaries and resident working teams were dispatched to poor villages in 2013. By 2015, all poor villages had resident working teams, and every poor household a contact official in charge of poverty elimination. As of the end of 2020, 255,000 resident teams and more than 3 million officials had been dispatched as first secretaries and resident officials to poor villages, fighting on the front line of poverty alleviation alongside nearly 2 million township officials and millions of village officials.

（三）區分類別、靶向施策，解決“怎么扶”的問題

3. Applying Targeted Measures for Different Groups to Know How to Help

貧困的類型和原因千差萬別，開對“藥方子”才能拔掉“窮根子”。中國在減貧實踐中，針對不同情況分類施策、對癥下藥，因人因地施策，因貧困原因施策，因貧困類型施策，通過實施“五個一批”實現精準扶貧。

There are many different types of poverty and the causes vary from case to case. We cannot address the root cause without the right remedies. In practice, China has adopted categorized and targeted measures to reduce poverty, based on the situation of individual households, local conditions, and the causes for and types of poverty. These targeted measures include: boosting the economy to provide more job opportunities, relocating poor people from inhospitable areas, compensating for economic losses associated with reducing ecological damage, improving education in impoverished areas, and providing subsistence allowances for those unable to shake off poverty through their own efforts alone.

發展生產脫貧一批。發展產業是脫貧致富最直接、最有效的辦法，也是增強貧困地區造血功能、幫助貧困群眾就地就業的長遠之計。支持和引導貧困地區因地制宜發展特色產業，鼓勵支持電商扶貧、光伏扶貧、旅游扶貧等新業態新產業發展，依托東西部扶貧協作推進食品加工、服裝制造等勞動密集型產業梯度轉移，一大批特色優勢產業初具規模，增強了貧困地區經濟發展動能。累計建成各類產業基地超過30萬個，形成了特色鮮明、帶貧面廣的扶貧主導產業，打造特色農產品品牌1.2萬個。發展市級以上龍頭企業1.44萬家、農民合作社71.9萬家，72.6%的貧困戶與新型農業經營主體建立了緊密型的利益聯結關系。產業幫扶政策覆蓋98.9%的貧困戶，有勞動能力和意愿的貧困群眾基本都參與到產業扶貧之中。扎實推進科技扶貧，建立科技幫扶結對7.7萬個，選派科技特派員28.98萬名，投入資金200多億元，實施各級各類科技項目3.76萬個，推廣應用先進實用技術、新品種5萬余項，支持貧困地區建成創新創業平臺1290個。為貧困戶提供扶貧小額信貸支持，培育貧困村創業致富帶頭人，建立完善帶貧機制，鼓勵和帶領貧困群眾發展產業增收致富。

First, boosting the economy to provide more job opportunities. Poverty alleviation through economic development is the most direct and effective method, the fundamental way to give poor areas the capacity for independent development and help the poor find employment locally. With this in mind, China has supported and guided poor areas in developing economic activities geared to their available resources, and encouraged poverty alleviation through new forms of business and new industries such as e-commerce, photovoltaic (PV) power generation and tourism, and through the consumption of products and services from poor areas. Relying on collaboration on poverty alleviation between the eastern and western regions, China has facilitated the transfer of food processing, clothes manufacturing, and other labor-intensive industries from the east to the west. With the growth of such specialty industries, poor areas have gained economic momentum. More than 300,000 industrial bases have been built, leading to the creation of new industries with distinctive features and greater capacity to facilitate poverty alleviation efforts. China has created 12,000 local agroproduct brands, 14,400 leading enterprises above the city level, and 719,000 rural cooperatives operated by farmers. A total of 72.6% of poor households have formed close ties with new types of agribusiness entities, and almost every poor household has been covered by policy support for boosting the economy. Almost all poor people with the ability and intention to work have joined the collective endeavor. Solid progress has been made in poverty alleviation through the development of science and technology. A total of 1,290 innovative platforms and business startups have been set up, and 77,000 people have been paired up with professionals to receive guidance on new technology in impoverished regions. With a team of 289,800 technicians and a fund of over RMB20 billion, China has launched 37,600 high-tech programs of all kinds and at all levels and introduced more than 50,000 advanced applied technologies and new, improved breeds. Poor households have received financial support such as small loans. In poor villages, entrepreneurial individuals have been encouraged to start businesses and given support to help and lead others out of poverty.

易地搬遷脫貧一批。對生活在自然環境惡劣、生存條件極差、自然災害頻發地區，很難實現就地脫貧的貧困人口，實施易地扶貧搬遷。充分尊重群眾意愿，堅持符合條件和群眾自愿原則，加強思想引導，不搞強迫命令。全面摸排搬遷對象，精心制定搬遷規劃，合理確定搬遷規模，有計劃有步驟穩妥實施。960多萬生活在“一方水土養不好一方人”地區的貧困人口通過易地搬遷實現脫貧。對搬遷后的舊宅基地實行復墾復綠，改善遷出區生態環境。加強安置點配套設施和產業園區、扶貧車間等建設，積極為搬遷人口創造就業機會，保障他們有穩定的收入，同當地群眾享受同等的基本公共服務，確保搬得出、穩得住、逐步能致富。

Second, relocating poor people from inhospitable areas. Some people lived in uninhabitable areas suffering from harsh natural conditions and subject to frequent natural disasters. It would be very hard for them to shake off poverty if they remained where they were, so the government relocated them to other areas. The government respected these people's wishes, and only relocated those who were eligible and agreed to move. The reasons for relocation were explained to them but no coercion was used. The conditions and needs of target relocation groups were given full consideration, the scale of relocation was determined through research, and feasible plans were worked out and implemented in steps. As a result, more than 9.6 million people from inhospitable areas have shaken off poverty through relocation. Their former homes have been turned into farmland or planted with trees, to improve the eco-environment in these areas. In the resettlement sites, support facilities, industrial parks, and workshops have been built to create jobs for the relocated population, to ensure that they have stable incomes and equitable access to basic public services. Measures have been taken to ensure smooth relocation and resettlement, and make sure that those involved have the means to better themselves.

生態補償脫貧一批。踐行“綠水青山就是金山銀山”理念，堅持脫貧攻堅與生態保護并重，在加大貧困地區生態保護修復力度的同時，增加重點生態功能區轉移支付，不斷擴大政策實施范圍，讓有勞動能力的貧困群眾就地轉為護林員等生態保護人員。2013年以來，貧困地區實施退耕還林還草7450萬畝，選聘110多萬貧困群眾擔任生態護林員，建立2.3萬個扶貧造林（種草）專業合作社（隊）。貧困群眾積極參與國土綠化、退耕還林還草等生態工程建設和森林、草原、濕地等生態系統保護修復工作，發展木本油料等經濟林種植及森林旅游，不僅拓寬了增收渠道，也明顯改善了貧困地區生態環境，實現了“雙贏”。

Third, shaking off poverty through compensations for economic losses associated with reducing ecological damage and getting eco-jobs. Clear waters and green mountains are invaluable assets. Laying equal emphasis on poverty alleviation and eco-conservation, China has strengthened ecological restoration and environmental protection in poor areas, increased government transfer payments to key eco-areas, and expanded the scope of those eligible for preferential policies. Poor people with the ability to work have thus been employed in eco-work, for example as forest rangers. Since 2013, a total of 4.97 million ha of farmland in poor areas has been returned to forest and grassland. A total of 1.1 million poor people have become forest rangers, and 23,000 poverty alleviation afforestation cooperatives/teams have been formed. By participating in projects for afforestation, turning reclaimed farmlands into forests or grasslands, restoring and protecting forests, grasslands and wetlands, and growing woody oil plants and working in forest tourism, the poor population have increased their incomes and made a major contribution to improving the eco-environment in poor areas, with mutually beneficial results.

發展教育脫貧一批。堅持再窮不能窮教育、再窮不能窮孩子，加強教育扶貧，不讓孩子輸在起跑線上，努力讓每個孩子都有人生出彩的機會，阻斷貧困代際傳遞。持續提升貧困地區學校、學位、師資、資助等保障能力，20多萬名義務教育階段的貧困家庭輟學學生全部返校就讀，全面實現適齡少年兒童義務教育有保障。實施定向招生、學生就業、職教脫貧等傾斜政策，幫助800多萬貧困家庭初高中畢業生接受職業教育培訓、514萬名貧困家庭學生接受高等教育，重點高校定向招收農村和貧困地區學生70多萬人，拓寬貧困學生縱向流動渠道。開展民族地區農村教師和青壯年農牧民國家通用語言文字培訓，累計培訓350萬余人次，提升民族地區貧困人口就業能力。“學前學會普通話”行動先后在四川省涼山彝族自治州和樂山市馬邊彝族自治縣、峨邊彝族自治縣、金口河區開展試點，覆蓋43萬學齡前兒童，幫助他們學會普通話。

Fourth, improving education in impoverished areas. Through education, poverty can be prevented from passing down from generation to generation. The government has continued to increase support for schools in poor areas to improve their conditions, standard of teaching, faculties and financial resources. The state ensures compulsory education for all school-age children. All the 200,000 dropouts from compulsory education coming from poor families have returned to school. Favorable policies have been leveraged to enroll more poor students from designated areas, expand employment for graduates, and help students shake off poverty through vocational education. More than 8 million middle and high school graduates from poor families have received vocational training, 5.14 million poor students have received higher education, and key institutions of higher learning have admitted some 700,000 students from designated rural and poor areas. All this has opened up more channels for poor students to emerge from poverty and move upwards in society. The government has offered training on standard spoken and written Chinese language to 3.5 million rural teachers and young farmers and herdsmen in ethnic minority areas, in an effort to make poor people from these areas more competitive in the job market. A pilot campaign has been launched to teach standard Chinese to preschool children in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, and Mabian Yi Autonomous County, Ebian Yi Autonomous County and Jinkouhe District in Leshan City, Sichuan Province, involving 430,000 children.

社會保障兜底一批。聚焦特殊貧困群體，落實兜底保障政策。實施特困人員供養服務設施改造提升工程，集中供養能力顯著增強。農村低保制度與扶貧政策有效銜接，全國農村低保標準從2012年每人每年2068元提高到2020年5962元，提高188.3%。扶貧部門與民政部門定期開展數據比對、摸排核實，實現貧困人口“應保盡保”。

Fifth, providing subsistence allowances for those unable to shake off poverty through their own efforts alone. China focuses on the needs of the most vulnerable groups and provides them with subsistence allowances. Services and facilities to support people living in extreme poverty have been upgraded, with a greater capacity to provide care in service centers. The rural subsistence allowances framework has been effectively dovetailed with poverty alleviation policies, and the per capita yearly subsistence allowances in rural areas had grown from RMB2,068 in 2012 to RMB5,962 in 2020, an increase of 188.3%. The departments in charge of poverty alleviation and civil affairs compare data and verify information on a regular basis, to ensure full coverage of support for eligible groups.

中國還結合實際、因地制宜，采取其他多渠道多元化扶貧措施。大力推進就業扶貧，通過免費開展職業技能培訓、東西部扶貧協作勞務輸出、扶貧車間和扶貧龍頭企業吸納、返鄉創業帶動、扶貧公益性崗位安置等形式，支持有勞動能力的貧困人口在本地或外出務工、創業，貧困勞動力務工規模從2015年的1227萬人增加到2020年的3243萬人。開展健康扶貧工程，把健康扶貧作為脫貧攻堅重要舉措，防止因病致貧返貧。深入實施網絡扶貧工程，支持貧困地區特別是“三區三州”等深度貧困地區，完善網絡覆蓋，推進“互聯網+”扶貧模式。實施資產收益扶貧，把中央財政專項扶貧資金和其他涉農資金投入設施農業、光伏、鄉村旅游等項目形成的資產，折股量化到貧困村，推動產業發展，增加群眾收入，破解村集體經濟收入難題。2020年新冠肺炎疫情發生后，中國采取一系列應對疫情的幫扶舉措，加大就業穩崗力度，開展消費扶貧行動，有效克服了新冠肺炎疫情影響。

China has also implemented many other forms of support for poverty alleviation that are consistent with local conditions. The government has redoubled its efforts to boost employment for the poor, through means such as offering free training on vocational skills, strengthening collaboration in the labor market between the eastern and western regions, supporting leading enterprises and workshops in poverty alleviation to create more jobs, encouraging entrepreneurial individuals to start businesses in their hometowns or villages, and creating public welfare jobs for the rest of the unemployed. Poor people who have the ability to work are encouraged to find employment locally or elsewhere, or start their own businesses. In 2015, 12.27 million poor laborers found employment; the figure had risen to 32.43 million in 2020. China has made efforts to improve healthcare service to the poor, considering it an important part of poverty alleviation in order to prevent the poor from sinking back into poverty due to illness. China has launched a project to connect poor areas to the internet, introducing the "internet+" model for poverty alleviation in poor areas, especially in the extremely impoverished "three areas and three prefectures". The earnings from poverty alleviation funds and assets have been used to support the poor. The assets generated from facility agriculture – agriculture making extensive use of polytents and other similar equipment – PV power stations, and rural tourism using central government funds for poverty alleviation and other agriculture-related funds have been converted into shares and allocated proportionately to poor villages in order to give a boost to businesses, increase villagers' incomes and more importantly help solve the problem of generating revenue for the villages' collective economy. Since Covid-19 struck in 2020, China has adopted a series of support measures, such as measures to stabilize employment and encourage consumption of products from poor areas, effectively minimizing the impact of the virus.

（四）嚴格標準、有序退出，解決“如何退”的問題

4. Adopting Strict Criteria to Know When and How to Deregister Those Who Have Emerged from Poverty

建立貧困退出機制，明確貧困縣、貧困村、貧困人口退出的標準和程序，既防止數字脫貧、虛假脫貧等“被脫貧”，也防止達到標準不愿退出等“該退不退”。制定脫貧摘帽規劃和年度減貧計劃，確保規范合理有序退出。嚴格執行退出標準，嚴格規范工作流程，貧困人口退出實行民主評議，貧困村、貧困縣退出進行審核審查，退出結果公示公告，讓群眾參與評價，做到程序公開、數據準確、檔案完整、結果公正。強化監督檢查，每年委托第三方對摘帽縣和脫貧人口進行專項評估，重點抽選條件較差、基礎薄弱的偏遠地區，重點評估脫貧人口退出準確率、摘帽縣貧困發生率、群眾幫扶滿意度，確保退出結果真實。2020年至2021年初，開展國家脫貧攻堅普查，全面準確摸清貧困人口脫貧實現情況。貧困人口、貧困村、貧困縣退出后，在一定時期內原有扶持政策保持不變，摘帽不摘責任，摘帽不摘幫扶，摘帽不摘政策，摘帽不摘監管，留出緩沖期，確保穩定脫貧。

A poverty exit mechanism has been established, with clear provisions on the standards and procedures for deregistering from the list poor counties, villages, and individuals. This prevents misconduct such as manipulation and falsification of data, and also prevents those who have emerged from poverty from keeping the label in order to continue accessing preferential treatment. The government has worked out a poverty deregistration plan and an annual poverty alleviation plan to ensure procedure-based, rational and orderly exit from the registers. The criteria and procedures have been strictly enforced, for example, by conducting public review in the case of individuals and government examination in the case of villages and counties. The results of poverty exit have been disclosed for public evaluation and review, based on transparent procedures, accurate data and complete files, to ensure fairness. Supervision and inspection have been strengthened, including annual evaluations by third parties of the deregistered population and counties, with a focus on remote areas with weaker economic foundations. Three parameters – the accuracy of decisions, the poverty incidence of recurrence among deregistered counties, and public rating of assistance measures – are emphasized in evaluation, to ensure accurate results. From 2020 to early 2021, China conducted a general survey of poverty elimination, collecting accurate data on progress in helping the poor out of poverty. A "grace period" is allowed for previously impoverished population, villages and counties, during which time poverty alleviation policies and government supervision are continued until their status is secure.

（五）跟蹤監測、防止返貧，解決“如何穩”的問題

5. Conducting Follow-up Monitoring to Help People Stay Out of Poverty

穩定脫貧不返貧才是真脫貧。對脫貧縣，從脫貧之日起設立5年過渡期，過渡期內保持主要幫扶政策總體穩定，對現有幫扶政策逐項分類優化調整，逐步由集中資源支持脫貧攻堅向全面推進鄉村振興平穩過渡。健全防止返貧動態監測和幫扶機制，對脫貧不穩定戶、邊緣易致貧戶，以及因病因災因意外事故等剛性支出較大或收入大幅縮減導致基本生活出現嚴重困難戶，開展定期檢查、動態管理，做到早發現、早干預、早幫扶，防止返貧和產生新的貧困。繼續支持脫貧地區鄉村特色產業發展壯大，持續促進脫貧人口穩定就業。做好易地搬遷后續扶持，多渠道促進就業，強化社會管理，促進社會融入，確保搬遷群眾穩得住、有就業、逐步能致富。堅持和完善駐村第一書記和工作隊、東西部協作、對口支援、社會幫扶等制度。繼續加強扶志扶智，激勵和引導脫貧群眾靠自己努力過上更好生活。開展鞏固脫貧成果后評估工作，壓緊壓實各級黨委和政府責任，堅決守住不發生規模性返貧的底線。

People and locations will only be considered to have shaken off poverty when they have stayed out of it and have not fallen back in after a certain period. Counties have been given a five-year period of grace from the day they emerged from poverty. During this period they will continue to enjoy the main support policies, which will be adjusted and optimized by category. Over time the resources leveraged for intensive poverty elimination will be redirected towards an extensive drive for rural revitalization. China will improve its dynamic monitoring of any trends indicating a return to poverty, and improve associated support measures. It will regularly check on key groups, such as those who have just emerged from poverty but whose position is far from secure, those on the verge of poverty who can fall back in again easily, and those experiencing difficulties in meeting their basic needs due to expenditure induced by illness, disaster or accident, or due to a sharp drop in income, and exercise dynamic management to spot these trends early and intervene through support measures, so that these people do not fall back into poverty. China will continue to support formerly impoverished areas in developing their specialty industries and help those who have emerged from poverty have stable employment. Follow-up support will be given to the resettled population whose employment will be promoted through multiple means. The government will improve social management to help them integrate into society, so that they will stay out of poverty, remain employed and have a promising future. Systems and practices that have proven effective, such as resident first secretaries and working teams, eastern-western collaboration, paired-up assistance, and social assistance, will be continued and improved. Efforts will be intensified to help those who have emerged from poverty build up self-belief and have access to education, so that they can create a better life through their own hard work. More evaluation will be carried out over the status of formerly impoverished people and areas, and Party committees and governments at all levels will continue to take responsibility to ensure that people do not sink back into poverty in large numbers.

精準扶貧方略，是中國打贏脫貧攻堅戰的制勝法寶，是中國減貧理論和實踐的重大創新，體現了中國共產黨一切從實際出發、遵循事物發展規律的科學態度，面對新矛盾新問題大膽闖、大膽試的創新勇氣，對共產黨執政規律、社會主義建設規律、人類社會發展規律的不懈探索，對實現人的全面發展和全體人民共同富裕的遠大追求。精準扶貧方略，不僅確保了脫貧攻堅取得全面勝利，而且有力提升了國家治理體系和治理能力現代化水平，豐富和發展了新時代中國共產黨執政理念和治國方略。

The strategy of targeted poverty alleviation is China's strongest weapon in its final battle to secure victory against poverty, and a major innovation in the theory and practice of poverty alleviation. It highlights the CPC's sound approach whereby all actions are based on actual conditions and conform to the needs of development; it is a manifestation of its courage to face up to new challenges and find solutions through trial and error; of its tireless exploration of the characteristics of governance by the CPC, the development of socialism, and the evolution of human society; and of its pursuit of all-round development of the people and common prosperity for all. In addition to securing a sweeping victory in the final battle against poverty, the strategy has also given a powerful boost to modernizing China's national governance system and capacity, and to enriching and developing the CPC's guiding philosophies and governance strategies in the new era.

四、為人類減貧探索新的路徑

IV. Exploring a New Path of Poverty Alleviation

消除貧困是全球性難題。各國國情不同、所處發展階段不同，減貧標準、方式方法、路徑手段也不同。中國減貧立足本國國情，深刻把握中國貧困特點和貧困治理規律，堅持中國共產黨的領導，堅持以人民為中心的發展思想，堅持發揮中國社會主義制度集中力量辦大事的政治優勢，堅持精準扶貧方略，堅持調動廣大貧困群眾積極性、主動性、創造性，堅持弘揚和衷共濟、團結互助美德，堅持求真務實、較真碰硬，走出了一條中國特色減貧道路，形成了中國特色反貧困理論。中國在減貧實踐中探索形成的寶貴經驗，既屬于中國也屬于世界，拓展了人類反貧困思路，為人類減貧探索了新的路徑。

Eliminating poverty is a challenge for all countries. Each subject to different national conditions and at different stages of development, they adopt different poverty reduction criteria, methods and approaches. Bearing in mind its prevailing reality and understanding the nature of poverty and the status of poverty alleviation, China has embarked on a path of poverty alleviation and designed an approach with Chinese characteristics. In this battle, the nation has upheld the CPC leadership and the people-centered philosophy. It has taken advantage of one of the strengths of its socialist system – the ability to pool resources on major endeavors. It has adopted targeted measures and stimulated the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of the people in poverty. It has carried forward the great tradition of working together and offering mutual support, and it has adopted a down-to-earth and pragmatic style of work. In this approach, China has accumulated valuable experience, which belongs both to China itself and to the rest of the world, and offers enlightenment to the international community in its battle to reduce poverty.

（一）堅持以人民為中心

1. People-centered Philosophy

中國共產黨是有遠大抱負的政黨。中國共產黨的奮斗目標，既很宏偉也很樸素，歸根結底是讓全體人民過上好日子。100年來，不管國際國內形勢如何變化，中國共產黨始終把人民放在心中最高位置，始終堅守為人民謀幸福、為民族謀復興的初心使命，以堅定不移的信念和意志，團結帶領人民與貧困作斗爭。進入新時代，中國共產黨堅持以人民為中心的發展思想，采取一系列超常規政策舉措推進脫貧攻堅，努力讓貧困群眾有更好的收入、更好的教育、更好的醫療衛生服務、更好的居住條件。把群眾滿意度作為衡量脫貧成效的重要尺度，集中力量解決貧困群眾基本民生需求，寧可少上幾個大項目，也要優先保障脫貧攻堅資金投入；寧可犧牲一些當前利益、局部利益，也要服從和服務于減貧工作大局；寧可經濟增速慢一些，也要確保脫貧攻堅目標任務如期完成。在脫貧攻堅沒有硝煙的戰場上，廣大黨員、干部以熱血赴使命、以行動踐諾言，用自己的辛勞換來貧困群眾的幸福。駐村第一書記和工作隊員扎根一線、任勞任怨，基層黨員干部嘔心瀝血、苦干實干，廣大志愿者真情投入、傾力奉獻。他們有的長期奮戰在扶貧一線，舍小家為大家，付出很大犧牲；有的為群眾脫貧四處奔波，爬山涉險，不辭勞苦；有的常年加班加點，積勞成疾；有的為扶貧工作負傷，仍然帶病堅持工作。脫貧攻堅以來，1800多名黨員、干部為減貧事業獻出了寶貴生命，用實際行動踐行了為人民犧牲一切的誓言。新時代脫貧攻堅實踐，深刻詮釋了以人民為中心的理念，是中國共產黨全心全意為人民服務的宗旨在新時代最集中、最充分、最生動的體現。

中國減貧實踐表明，貧困問題本質上是對人民的根本態度問題，以人民為中心是扶貧減貧的根本動力。真正把人民放在心上，真正把人民利益放在第一位，才能真正識貧、扶貧、脫貧，減貧才會有不竭動力、明確方向和好的辦法。

The CPC is an ambitious party with a grand but simple goal: to ensure a happy life for the Chinese people. In the face of all the changes in the international landscape and the domestic situation over the past century, the Party has always followed a people-centered philosophy. It has borne in mind its founding mission to seek happiness for the Chinese people and national rejuvenation, and united and led the people in fighting poverty armed with firm convictions and a strong will. In the new era, the CPC has adopted a series of bold policies and measures to advance the cause, trying to ensure higher incomes and better education, healthcare, and living conditions for the poor. Taking public satisfaction as an important yardstick to judge the effectiveness of poverty elimination, the Party has concentrated its efforts on guaranteeing the basic needs of the poor. It would rather cut down on the number of major projects in favor of investment in poverty elimination; it would rather penalize short-term, partial or local interests to ensure the cause is well served and guaranteed; and it would rather slow the pace of economic growth to ensure the task of poverty alleviation is accomplished on schedule.

In the fight against poverty, officials including first Party secretaries and resident working teams, grassroots officials and Party members, and volunteers have worked with diligence and a spirit of dedication in support of the poor, fulfilling their mission and their pledge to the people. Some of them have been fighting on the front line for a long time, without time or energy to take care of their own families; some have been traveling around or braving harsh natural conditions; some have fallen sick from overwork all the year round; some have continued work even after getting injured at work. More than 1,800 Party members and officials have lost their lives in the cause of poverty alleviation.

China's poverty elimination effort in the new era is a full and vivid expression of its people-centered philosophy and the CPC's mission of serving the people wholeheartedly. Success in poverty alleviation has proven that the problem of poverty, in essence, is how the people should be treated: the people-centered philosophy is the fundamental driving force behind this cause. Only with this philosophy, can a country identify those who are poor, adopt concrete measures, and deliver genuine outcomes; only with this philosophy, can it draw on inexhaustible motivation, set a clear direction, and find the right approach.

（二）把減貧擺在治國理政突出位置

2. Highlighting Poverty Alleviation in the Governance of China

貧困地區發展條件差，貧困人口自我發展能力弱，消除貧困僅僅依靠個體、區域、民間等力量遠遠不夠，必須作為執政黨和國家的責任，上升為國家意志、國家戰略、國家行動。中國共產黨始終把消除貧困作為定國安邦的重要任務，制定實施一個時期黨的路線方針政策、提出國家中長期發展規劃建議，都把減貧作為重要內容，從國家層面部署，運用國家力量推進。幾代中國共產黨人，錨定一個目標，一茬接著一茬干。中共十八大以來，中國共產黨把脫貧攻堅擺在治國理政的突出位置，加強黨的集中統一領導，統籌謀劃、強力推進。從黨的領袖到廣大黨員干部，情系貧困群眾、心懷減貧大業，全黨目標一致、上下同心。加強頂層設計和戰略規劃，制定印發《關于打贏脫貧攻堅戰的決定》《關于打贏脫貧攻堅戰三年行動的指導意見》等政策文件，明確目標、路徑和具體措施并一以貫之抓下去。各級財政不斷加大投入力度，構建多元資金投入體系，為減貧事業發展提供資金保障。發揮社會主義制度集中力量辦大事的優勢，廣泛動員各方力量積極參與。建立脫貧攻堅責任體系、政策體系、組織體系、投入體系、動員體系、監督體系、考核評估體系等制度體系，為脫貧攻堅順利推進提供了有力支撐。

Poor conditions for development in impoverished areas and a lack of capacity for self-improvement among the poor population determine that poverty cannot be eliminated by relying solely on the efforts of individuals, local governments, or non-governmental forces. Poverty elimination must be taken on as a responsibility of the ruling party and the country; it requires will and action at national level, and it must be elevated to a national strategy.

The CPC has always regarded poverty alleviation as an important task for ensuring national peace and stability. It has highlighted poverty alleviation at national level when setting its guidelines, principles and policies, and when formulating national plans for medium- and long-term development. The Party has pooled national resources to advance this cause and motivated generations of its members to devote themselves to this cause.

Since the 18th National Congress in 2012, the CPC has prioritized poverty elimination in its governance, and planned and advanced this cause under its centralized and unified leadership. All Party members, from top leaders to the grassroots officials, are concerned about the poor and the cause of poverty alleviation, and work together towards the same goal.

China has strengthened top-level design and strategic planning. It has issued policy documents such as Decision on Winning the Battle Against Extreme Poverty and Guidelines on the Three-Year Action Plan to Win the Battle Against Extreme Poverty, setting specific aims, defining approaches and detailed measures, and carrying them out with consistent efforts. Investment has been increased by governments at all levels and a multiple investment system has been established, guaranteeing financial support for poverty alleviation. Leveraging the strength of its socialist system – the ability to pool resources on major endeavors – China has mobilized forces from all quarters to participate in poverty alleviation. Systems have been established, covering responsibilities, policies, organization, inputs, mobilization, supervision, assessment and evaluation, and many other aspects of poverty elimination, providing an institutional guarantee for the nation to advance the battle against poverty.

中國減貧實踐表明，治國之道，富民為始；民之貧富，國之責任。減貧是一項具有開拓性的艱巨工作，實現減貧目標，領導人的情懷、意志和決心至關重要，執政黨和國家擔負起對人民的責任、發揮主導作用、匯聚各方力量至關重要，保持政策的連續性和穩定性至關重要。

The success in poverty alleviation has proven that governance of a country starts with the needs of the people, and that their prosperity is the responsibility of the government. Poverty alleviation is a pioneering and arduous trek. To achieve success, it is of utmost importance that the leadership have devotion, strong will and determination, and the ruling party and government assume their responsibilities to the people, play a leading role, mobilize forces from all quarters, and ensure policies are consistent and stable.

（三）用發展的辦法消除貧困

3. Eradicating Poverty Through Development

貧困問題說到底是發展問題。作為擁有14億人口、世界上最大的發展中國家，發展是解決包括貧困問題在內的中國所有問題的關鍵。中國共產黨始終把發展作為執政興國的第一要務，集中精力搞建設、謀發展，通過發展解決不平衡不充分問題，創造了經濟快速發展奇跡和社會長期穩定奇跡。把改革作為消除貧困的重要推動力，從新中國成立后進行土地改革、建立社會主義制度，到改革開放后實行家庭聯產承包責任制，到確立社會主義市場經濟體制、全面免除農業稅，再到中共十八大以來實行農村承包地所有權、承包權、經營權“三權分置”和推進農村集體產權制度改革，不斷消除導致貧困的制度性、結構性因素，不斷促進農村發展、農民增收。積極順應全球化潮流，堅定不移擴大對外開放，對外貿易持續快速增長，為廣大農村勞動力創造了大量就業崗位、拓寬了增收渠道。新中國成立以來特別是改革開放以來，中國經濟社會快速發展，經濟總量不斷躍升，綜合實力顯著提升，既對減貧形成了強大的帶動效應，也為大規模扶貧開發奠定了堅實基礎、提供了有力保障。

The root cause of poverty is inadequate development. As the world's largest developing country with a population of 1.4 billion, China is aware that development is essential to solving many of its problems, including poverty. The CPC has always regarded this as the top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country. It has concentrated its efforts in particular on the economy, to address the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development. Through development, the economy has been growing rapidly and the country has enjoyed a long period of social stability. China has regarded reform as an important driving force for poverty eradication and worked constantly to remove institutional and structural causes of poverty:

? By launching land reform and establishing the socialist system after the founding of the PRC in 1949;

? By implementing the household contract responsibility system with remuneration linked to output after the launch of reform and opening up in 1978;

? By establishing the socialist market economy and rescinding all agricultural taxes;

? By separating the ownership rights, contracting rights, and management rights for contracted rural land and further reforming the rural collective property rights system since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012.

These measures have contributed to rural development and increased farmers' incomes. In addition, China has opened wider to the world amidst economic globalization and seen sustained and rapid growth in its foreign trade, creating many employment opportunities and more sources of higher incomes for rural labor.

Since the founding of the PRC in 1949, and especially since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, the country has witnessed rapid economic and social development, with the economy and national strength growing steadily. This has provided solid support for large-scale development-driven poverty alleviation effort.

中國減貧實踐表明，發展是消除貧困最有效的辦法、創造幸福生活最穩定的途徑。唯有發展，才能為經濟社會發展和民生改善提供科學路徑和持久動力；唯有發展，才能更好保障人民的基本權利；唯有發展，才能不斷滿足人民對美好生活的熱切向往。

China's experience with poverty alleviation has proven that development is the most effective way to eradicate poverty and the most reliable path towards a more prosperous life. Only development can lead to economic growth, social progress and higher living standards. Only development can better guarantee people's basic rights and meet their desire for a better life.

（四）立足實際推進減貧進程

4. Pressing Ahead with Poverty Alleviation Based on Reality

貧困問題具有多樣性和復雜性，致貧原因也呈現差異性和多元性。中國立足本國國情，根據不同發展階段和經濟社會發展水平，根據貧困人口規模、分布、結構等的變化，科學制定減貧標準、目標、方略，不斷創新減貧理念、方法、手段，循序漸進、持續用力、滴水穿石。新中國成立后，主要是通過社會制度變革和大規模社會主義建設減緩貧困。改革開放以來，主要是通過農村經濟體制改革和經濟增長帶動減貧，重點采取開發式扶貧方針，引導貧困地區和貧困群眾以市場為導向，調整經濟結構，開發當地資源，發展商品生產，提高自我積累、自我發展能力。進入新時代，在繼續堅持開發式扶貧的同時，實施精準扶貧方略，扶貧路徑由“大水漫灌”轉為“精準滴灌”，資源使用方式由多頭分散轉為統籌集中，扶貧模式由偏重“輸血”轉為注重“造血”，考評體系由側重考核地區生產總值轉為主要考核脫貧成效。中國根據經濟社會發展和減貧事業推進的實際，逐步調整提高扶貧標準，讓發展成果更多更好惠及人民群眾。

Poverty problems, as well as their causes, are diverse and complex. China's poverty alleviation efforts are based on a realistic appraisal of the situation. China has set its poverty line and its poverty alleviation goals and strategies, and worked to create better ideas and methods based on its national conditions and stage of development, and on the changes in the demographics, distribution, and structure of the poor population. It has advanced this undertaking step by step and with a steady effort.

Immediately after its founding in 1949, the PRC addressed the problem of poverty mainly through reform of the social system and large-scale economic development. After the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, China drove poverty alleviation mainly through rural economic reform and economic growth. It adopted development-oriented measures, guiding people in impoverished areas to increase their capacity for accumulation of wealth and endogenous development by adjusting the local economic structure, tapping into local resources, and developing production in response to market demand. In the new era, China has continued previous measures, and at the same time carried out a strategy of targeted poverty alleviation. The approach has changed from generalized broad-brush policies to targeted measures based on specific conditions. Before, resources for poverty alleviation came from multiple sources and were used by scattering them among the impoverished areas; now they are concentrated and better coordinated. The model of poverty alleviation has changed from mainly relying on external support like a blood transfusion to a more sustained effort from self-motivation. The assessment system has shifted focus from regional GDP as the main indicator to the genuine result of poverty alleviation. China has gradually lifted its poverty line based on its economic and social advances and progress in the cause of poverty alleviation to share the fruits of development with more people.

中國減貧實踐表明，貧困的發生演變有其自身特點和規律，貧困治理必須從實際出發，科學研判制約減貧和發展的瓶頸因素，找準釋放減貧動力的突破口，因時因勢因地制宜，不斷調整創新減貧的策略方略和政策工具，提高貧困治理效能。

The occurrence and evolution of poverty has its own features and trends. To achieve success in reducing poverty, a country must follow a path in line with its national conditions, identify and remove obstacles to poverty alleviation, find driving forces for this cause, and constantly adjust and reform its strategies and policies as circumstances and local conditions change.

（五）發揮貧困群眾主體作用

5. Letting the Poor Play the Principal Role

貧困群眾是脫貧致富的主體。扶貧減貧既要借助外力，更要激發內力，才能形成合力。中國充分尊重、積極發揮貧困群眾主體作用，激發培育貧困群眾內生動力，增強參與發展、共享發展、自主發展的能力，使貧困群眾不僅成為減貧的受益者，也成為發展的貢獻者。堅持扶貧與扶志扶智相結合，既富口袋，更富腦袋，讓貧困群眾既有脫貧致富的想法，又有脫貧致富的辦法。依托農民夜校、新時代講習所等，加強教育培訓，提升貧困群眾發展生產和務工經商的基本技能。改進扶貧方式，建立正向激勵、比學趕超的有效機制，更多采用生產獎補、勞務補助、以工代賑等方式，激勵貧困群眾依靠勞動創造幸福。大力宣傳自強不息、奮斗脫貧的先進典型，廣泛開展生動活潑、形式多樣的宣傳教育，引導貧困群眾樹立“寧愿苦干、不愿苦熬”的觀念，用雙手改變貧困落后面貌。

Poor people are the main players in eliminating poverty. Poverty alleviation requires both external and internal forces to form a synergy. China fully respects the principal role of the poor and encourages them to play their part, inspires them with the motivation to fight poverty, and enhances their ability to participate in development, share the fruits of development, and achieve endogenous development. They benefit from success in the undertaking of poverty alleviation and at the same time contribute to development in China.

China has inspired its people in poverty to strive for prosperity and provided them necessary education, so that they have the ambition to emerge from poverty and the tools to succeed. People in poverty have had better access to education opportunities, such as farmers' night schools and training workshops, to improve their skills and abilities in work and business.

A significant improvement in the battle against poverty is an effective mechanism of positive incentives encouraging the poor to learn from and keep pace with each other. Through this mechanism, productive activities are rewarded and subsidized and jobs instead of grants are provided, to encourage poor people to rely on their own efforts rather than wait for external assistance.

China has promoted stories of role models who escaped poverty through their hard work. It has also carried out various activities to establish the idea that "It is better to work hard than to endure poverty." The people in poverty have followed suit and eventually shaken off poverty and backwardness.

中國減貧實踐表明，人民是歷史的創造者、推動者，是頂天立地的真正英雄。只要堅持為了人民、依靠人民，尊重人民主體地位和首創精神，激勵貧困群眾自力更生、艱苦奮斗的內生動力，就一定能夠戰勝貧困。

The fight against poverty shows that the people are the creators and drivers of history, and the true heroes. As long as a country serves the people, relies on them, respects their principal status and pioneering spirit, and motivates the poor to rely on their own hard work, it is sure to defeat poverty.

（六）匯聚各方力量形成強大合力

6. Pooling All Resources to Create Synergy

扶貧減貧是艱巨復雜的系統工程，需要調動各方積極參與。為打贏脫貧攻堅戰，中國共產黨依托嚴密組織體系和高效運行機制，廣泛有效動員和凝聚各方力量，構建政府、社會、市場協同推進，專項扶貧、行業扶貧、社會扶貧互為補充的大扶貧格局，形成跨地區、跨部門、跨單位、全社會共同參與的多元主體的社會扶貧體系。加強東西部扶貧協作和對口支援，推動省市縣各層面幫扶，促進人才、資金、技術向貧困地區流動，實現優勢互補，縮小區域差距。積極開展定點扶貧，組織各級黨政機關、人民團體、國有企事業單位和軍隊幫扶貧困縣或貧困村。各民主黨派、工商聯和無黨派人士充分發揮各自優勢，為打贏脫貧攻堅戰獻智獻力。積極推動各行各業發揮專業優勢，開展產業扶貧、科技扶貧、教育扶貧、文化扶貧、健康扶貧、消費扶貧。廣泛動員民營企業參與扶貧開發，引導市場開發能力強的主體進入資源開發潛力大的地區，實現互惠互利、共同發展。廣泛動員社會組織、公民個人積極參與脫貧攻堅，開展扶貧公益活動。設立國家扶貧日，建立脫貧攻堅國家榮譽制度，表彰脫貧攻堅先進典型，營造了人人愿為、人人可為、人人能為的社會幫扶氛圍。

Poverty alleviation is an arduous, complex, and systematic endeavor, requiring the active participation of all parties. In the fight against poverty, the CPC has mobilized and pooled all possible forces on the basis of its rigorous organizational system and efficient work mechanism. A large-scale poverty alleviation network has been established, with the government, society and the market working in coordination, and government-sponsored projects, sector-specific programs, and corporate and societal assistance supplementing each other. It is a framework with the full participation of multiple players from different regions, sectors, departments and businesses.

China has strengthened collaboration and paired assistance between the eastern and western regions at provincial, city and county levels to encourage the flow of talent, capital, and technology to poor areas so that they can complement each other and narrow the gaps between them.

Poverty alleviation assistance has been directed to designated targets. Party and government institutions, people's organizations, state-owned enterprises and public institutions, and the military have assisted poor counties or villages.

Other political parties, federations of industry and commerce and prominent individuals without party affiliation have leveraged their strengths to contribute intellectual and material support.

Various industries have been encouraged to offer assistance with their professional advantages by launching sector-specific programs, providing technological support, improving education, cultural undertakings and healthcare, and boosting consumption.

Private enterprises have been urged to participate in development-driven poverty alleviation. Businesses skilled in resource extraction have been encouraged to enter regions with great resource potential, which benefit both the businesses and those regions.

Social organizations and individual citizens have been mobilized to participate in poverty alleviation and related public benefit activities. China has designated a National Poverty Alleviation Day and established a national system to commend models in fighting poverty. All these measures have created an atmosphere where everyone who is interested can join in poverty alleviation.

中國減貧實踐表明，只有動員和凝聚各方力量，引導全社會關愛貧困群眾、關心減貧事業、投身脫貧行動，形成共同意志、共同行動，聚力攻堅克難，才能最終戰勝貧困頑疾。

China's experience has proven that only when a country mobilizes all sectors of society to unite with common purpose and act in unison, can poverty be finally defeated.

中國特色減貧道路，是中國人民在中國共產黨的領導下，經過長期艱辛探索開創出來的一條成功道路。中國消除絕對貧困的成功實踐和寶貴經驗，深化了對人類減貧規律的認識，豐富發展了人類反貧困理論，提振了各國特別是廣大發展中國家消除絕對貧困的信心，為其他國家選擇適合自己的減貧發展道路提供了參考和借鑒，為破解現代國家治理難題、開辟人類社會發展更加光明的前景提供了中國方案。

Under the CPC leadership, the Chinese people have created an approach to poverty alleviation with their own hard work. China's successful practice and valuable experience in eliminating extreme poverty have deepened human understanding of poverty alleviation trends, enriched and extended the theory of international poverty alleviation, and boosted the confidence of other countries, especially developing ones, in eradicating extreme poverty. They serve as reference for other countries to choose a suitable path of poverty alleviation, and offer China's approach to solving the problem of modern national governance and creating brighter prospects for social progress.

五、攜手共建沒有貧困共同發展的人類命運共同體

V. A Global Community of Shared Future Free from Poverty

世界好，中國才能好；中國好，世界才更好。中國始終把自身命運與世界各國人民命運緊密相連，在致力于消除自身貧困的同時，積極參與國際減貧合作，做國際減貧事業的倡導者、推動者和貢獻者，與各國攜手共建沒有貧困、共同發展的人類命運共同體。

China will prosper only when the world prospers, and vice versa. The country has always closely linked its future with that of the rest of the world. While committed to eradicating its own poverty, China has actively participated in international cooperation on poverty alleviation, acted as an advocate, facilitator of and contributor to the international cause of poverty alleviation, and worked with other countries to build a global community of shared future that is free from poverty and pursues common prosperity.

（一）中國的減貧和發展加快全球減貧進程

1. China as a Facilitator of the Global Cause of Poverty Alleviation

100年來，在中國共產黨領導下，中國人民從翻身解放到解決溫飽、從基本小康到全面小康，中國以自己的發展為人類反貧困作出重大貢獻。改革開放以來，按照現行貧困標準計算，中國7.7億農村貧困人口擺脫貧困；按照世界銀行國際貧困標準，中國減貧人口占同期全球減貧人口70%以上。在全球貧困狀況依然嚴峻、一些國家貧富分化加劇的背景下，中國打贏脫貧攻堅戰，提前10年實現《聯合國2030年可持續發展議程》減貧目標，顯著縮小了世界貧困人口的版圖，“為實現2030年可持續發展議程所描繪的更加美好和繁榮的世界作出了重要貢獻”【2021年2月，中國宣布消除絕對貧困。聯合國秘書長古特雷斯致信習近平主席，表示“這一重大成就為實現2030年可持續發展議程所描繪的更加美好和繁榮的世界作出了重要貢獻”，“中國取得的非凡成就為整個國際社會帶來了希望，提供了激勵”。】。作為世界上最大的發展中國家，中國實現了快速發展與大規模減貧同步、經濟轉型與消除絕對貧困同步，如期全面完成脫貧攻堅目標任務，大大加快了全球減貧進程，譜寫了人類反貧困歷史新篇章。

Over the past 100 years, China has contributed to global poverty alleviation under the leadership of the CPC through its own development – from winning the people's liberation to meeting their basic needs, from ensuring them a moderately prosperous life to building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. Since reform and opening up, more than 770 million of China's rural population living below the current poverty line have been raised from poverty, accounting for more than 70 percent of the global total over the same period according to the World Bank's international poverty standard. Against the backdrop of severe global poverty and a widening gap between the rich and the poor in some countries, China has won the battle against extreme poverty and achieved the poverty alleviation goal set on the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 10 years ahead of schedule. This has significantly reduced the world's poor population and made a significant contribution towards realizing a better and more prosperous world, as envisioned by the Agenda [ UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres extended congratulations to Chinese President Xi Jinping in February 2021 on the occasion of the announcement of China's success in the fight against extreme poverty. Noting this moment is a notable achievement and a significant contribution towards realizing a better and more prosperous world, as envisioned by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the secretary-general said, "This extraordinary result is a reason for hope and inspiration to the entire community of nations."]. As the largest developing country, China has achieved rapid development in step with large-scale poverty alleviation, and economic transformation in step with the elimination of extreme poverty. It has completed all poverty eradication targets and tasks on schedule, which, as a new chapter in the history of the fight against poverty, has greatly accelerated global poverty alleviation.

（二）國際社會對中國減貧提供支持和援助

2. International Support and Assistance

新中國成立后，努力打破外部封鎖，積極開展對外交流合作，爭取國際社會支持。改革開放以來，中國與聯合國發展系統和世界銀行在扶貧領域開展廣泛合作，同時接受部分發達國家提供的援助、實施減貧合作項目，不僅在資金投入、知識轉移、技術援助等方面獲得支持，而且學習借鑒國際社會先進的扶貧理念與方式方法，推動了中國減貧事業發展。中國先后與聯合國開發計劃署、世界銀行等國際機構和組織合作，在部分貧困縣實施外資扶貧項目，引進各種優惠貸款和無償援助。國際減貧交流合作項目緩解了項目區貧困人口的貧困程度，推動了中國減貧的制度創新和管理水平提升，為項目區的可持續發展奠定了基礎。對國際社會給予的寶貴支持和幫助，中國人民永遠銘記在心。中華民族是懂得感恩、投桃報李的民族，中國始終在力所能及的范圍內為其他國家減貧和發展提供支持。

In the early years after the founding of the PRC, China made great efforts to break an external blockade and carry out international exchanges and cooperation in order to win the support of the international community. Since reform and opening up, China has conducted extensive cooperation with the UN development system and the World Bank in the field of poverty alleviation, while accepting assistance from some developed countries and carrying out cooperation projects. It has received support in financial input, knowledge transfer, and technical assistance, and learned from the advanced concepts and methods of the international community in poverty alleviation. All this has provided support to its poverty alleviation effort. In cooperation with the United Nations Development Program, the World Bank and other international organizations, China has implemented foreign-funded poverty alleviation projects in some poverty-stricken counties, bringing in various forms of concessional loan and grant aid. These international poverty-alleviation exchange and cooperation projects have alleviated poverty, improved China's institutional innovation and management, and laid a foundation for sustainable development in the project areas. The Chinese people will always remember the valuable support and assistance received from the international community. The Chinese nation never forgets the help and generosity it receives, and always reciprocates with the same goodwill; China has always supported other countries in poverty alleviation and development to the full extent of its ability.

（三）中國積極開展國際減貧交流合作

3. International Exchanges and Cooperation

中國積極參與全球貧困治理，不斷深化減貧領域交流合作，推動建立以相互尊重、合作共贏為核心的新型國際減貧交流合作關系，攜手增進各國人民福祉。

To improve the wellbeing of all peoples, China has taken an active part in global poverty management, furthered exchanges and cooperation with other countries, and promoted a new model of international exchanges and cooperation on poverty alleviation, with mutual respect and mutually-beneficial cooperation at its core.

支持廣大發展中國家減貧發展。新中國成立伊始，在國家百廢待興、財力緊張的情況下，即向有關國家提供援助，為發展中國家爭取民族獨立和解放、促進經濟社會發展提供了支持。改革開放后，中國對外援助內容更加豐富、形式更加多樣，促進了中國與其他發展中國家的共同發展。進入新時代，中國擔負大國責任，推動對外援助向國際發展合作轉型升級，為破解全球發展難題、落實聯合國2030年可持續發展議程提出中國方案、貢獻中國智慧、注入中國力量。習近平主席在多個國際重大場合宣布中國開展國際發展合作的一系列務實舉措，已按期落實或正在按照進度有序推進。中國發起共建“一帶一路”倡議，推動更大范圍、更高水平、更深層次的區域經濟社會發展合作，支持幫助相關國家更好實現減貧發展。據世界銀行研究報告，共建“一帶一路”將使相關國家760萬人擺脫極端貧困、3200萬人擺脫中度貧困。新中國成立70多年來，中國向亞洲、非洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比地區、大洋洲和歐洲等地區160多個國家和國際組織提供多種形式的援助，減免有關國家債務，為廣大發展中國家落實千年發展目標提供幫助。

China has supported other developing countries in poverty alleviation. Immediately after the founding of the PRC, China began to provide assistance to other developing countries in support of their struggle for national independence and liberation and for economic and social development, despite the fact that China had to address its own difficulties with limited financial resources. Since reform and opening up, China's foreign aid approach has diversified, which has promoted the common development of China and other developing countries. Entering the new era, China has fulfilled its responsibilities as a major country and upgraded its foreign aid into international development cooperation, contributing its vision and approaches to the resolution of global development challenges and the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. President Xi Jinping has announced on many major international occasions that China's practical measures for international development cooperation have been implemented on schedule or are progressing in an orderly manner.

China has launched the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to expand deep and high-level regional cooperation on economic and social development, and to help eligible countries better achieve poverty alleviation. According to a World Bank study, the initiative will help 7.6 million people out of extreme poverty and 32 million out of moderate poverty in these countries. Over the past 70 years and more, China has provided assistance in various forms to over 160 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Oceania, and Europe, and international organizations, reduced or exempted the debts of eligible countries, and helped developing countries in their efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.

實施惠及民生的國際減貧合作項目。在亞洲地區，中國與東盟國家共同開展鄉村減貧推進計劃，在老撾、柬埔寨、緬甸三國鄉村基層社區實施“東亞減貧示范合作技術援助項目”。在非洲地區，中國為非洲國家援建水利基礎設施、職業技術學校、社會保障住房等設施，打造農業合作示范區，推進實施中非菌草技術合作、中非友好醫院建設、非洲疾控中心總部建設等項目。在南太平洋地區，中國推動落實對太平洋島國無償援助、優惠貸款等舉措，開展基礎設施建設和農業、醫療等技術合作援助項目。在拉美地區，援建農業技術示范中心，幫助受援國當地民眾擺脫貧困。中國還與聯合國教科文組織合作設立國際農村教育研究與培訓中心等機構，面向非洲、東南亞等國家實施農村教育轉型、教師培訓等項目。

China has launched international poverty alleviation cooperation projects for the benefit of all. In Asia, China and ASEAN countries have jointly launched a rural poverty alleviation plan, and carried out the East Asia Poverty Reduction Demonstration Cooperation Technical Assistance Projects program in rural communities of Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar. In Africa, China has helped African countries build water conservancy infrastructure, vocational and technical schools, government-subsidized housing, and other facilities, set up demonstration zones for agricultural cooperation, and carried out China-Africa cooperation projects involving a Chinese-invented technology using grass to grow mushrooms, China-Africa friendship hospitals, and the headquarters of the African Center for Disease Control and Prevention. In the South Pacific region, China has promoted measures such as grant aid and concessional loans to Pacific island countries, and carried out technical cooperation assistance projects in infrastructure construction, agriculture, and medical care. In Latin America, China has built agricultural technology demonstration centers to help local people in recipient countries shake off poverty. China has also set up the International Research and Training Centre for Rural Education and other institutions in cooperation with UNESCO, and carried out projects on rural education transformation and teacher training for countries in Africa, Southeast Asia and other regions.

分享交流減貧經驗。通過搭建平臺、組織培訓、智庫交流等多種形式，開展減貧交流，分享減貧經驗。在國際消除貧困日，中國與聯合國駐華機構聯合舉辦減貧與發展高層論壇活動。中國發起中國－東盟社會發展與減貧論壇、人類減貧經驗國際論壇，舉辦中非減貧與發展會議、“擺脫貧困與政黨的責任”國際理論研討會、改革開放與中國扶貧國際論壇等一系列研討交流活動。與東盟秘書處和東盟有關國家合作，面向基層村官（社區官員）實施“東盟+中日韓村官交流項目”。與有關國家和地區組織合作開展國際減貧培訓，2012年以來，共舉辦130余期國際減貧培訓班，來自116個國家（組織）的官員參加培訓。

China has shared its experience on poverty reduction. It has carried out exchanges and cooperation in various forms, including building platforms, organizing training, and conducting think tank exchanges. Together with UN agencies in China, the Chinese government has convened sessions of the Global Poverty Reduction and Development Forum on the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty. China has initiated the China-ASEAN Forum on Social Development and Poverty Reduction, and the International Forum on Sharing Poverty Reduction Experience, and has hosted a series of discussion and exchange activities including the China-Africa Poverty Reduction and Development Conference, the International Seminar on Poverty Eradication and Responsibility of Political Parties, and the International Forum on Reform and Opening Up and Poverty Reduction in China. In cooperation with the ASEAN Secretariat and relevant ASEAN countries, China has launched the ASEAN Plus Three (China, Japan and the ROK) village official exchange program for grassroots village officials and community officials. China conducts international training on poverty reduction with relevant countries and regional organizations. Since 2012, it has held over 130 international training sessions, attended by officials from 116 countries and organizations.

當今世界正處于百年未有之大變局，新冠肺炎疫情仍在全球蔓延，貧窮、饑餓、疾病侵蝕著人們追求美好生活的希望和信心。建設什么樣的世界、人類文明走向何方，攸關每個國家、每個人的前途和命運。每個人都有過上好日子的權利。各國應擔負起對人民的責任，積極推進減貧發展，讓公平正義的陽光沖破貧困落后的陰霾，照亮繁榮發展的美好未來。中國愿同各國加強減貧交流合作，攜手推進國際減貧進程，為構建沒有貧困、共同發展的人類命運共同體作出更大貢獻。

The world today is experiencing a scale of change unseen in a century. The Covid-19 pandemic is still spreading around the world, and poverty, hunger and disease are undermining people's pursuit for a better life. The kind of world we should build and the future direction of human civilization, are issues that have a bearing on every country and every person. Everyone has the right to a decent life. All countries need to shoulder their responsibilities and work on poverty reduction, so that the sunshine of equity and justice can break through the haze of poverty and backwardness and illuminate a future of prosperity and development. China is ready to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with other countries on poverty reduction, support international poverty reduction, and make a greater contribution to building a global community of shared future that is free from poverty and blessed with common prosperity.

結束語

Conclusion

中國打贏脫貧攻堅戰，如期實現脫貧攻堅目標任務，中國人民在創造美好生活、實現共同富裕的道路上邁出了堅實的一大步。同時，中國仍是世界上最大的發展中國家，仍面臨人民日益增長的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的發展之間的矛盾。解決發展不平衡不充分問題、縮小城鄉區域發展差距、實現人的全面發展和全體人民共同富裕，仍然任重道遠。

China has won the final battle against extreme poverty. By achieving the goals of the poverty elimination campaign as scheduled, the Chinese people have made solid strides towards a better life and common prosperity. Yet China remains the world's largest developing country, still confronted by the gap between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's growing desire for a better life, and by the gaps between urban and rural areas and between regions. China still has much to do in order to realize people's all-round development and common prosperity for all.

脫貧摘帽不是終點，而是新生活、新奮斗的起點。中國共產黨將始終堅守為人民謀幸福、為民族謀復興的初心和使命，始終把人民放在最高位置，為實現人的全面發展和全體人民共同富裕馳而不息、接續奮斗，不斷增進人民福祉，更好滿足人民對美好生活的新期待，讓全體人民過上好日子。

Removing the label of extreme poverty is not the end, but the beginning of a new life and a new journey. The CPC will always remain committed to its founding mission, striving for the people's wellbeing and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It will always put the people before everything else, and continue to work for people's all-round development, and common prosperity and a better life for all.

民族要復興，鄉村必振興。打贏脫貧攻堅戰之后，中國將持續鞏固拓展脫貧攻堅成果，做好同鄉村振興有效銜接，實現“三農”工作重心的歷史性轉移。中國將立足新發展階段、貫徹新發展理念、構建新發展格局，把解決好“三農”問題作為重中之重，堅持農業農村優先發展，走中國特色社會主義鄉村振興道路，以更有力的舉措、匯聚更強大的力量全面推進鄉村振興。

There will be no national rejuvenation without a thriving countryside. Following the victory in the final battle against extreme poverty, China will continue to consolidate the results of poverty elimination, dovetail new measures with rural revitalization, and shift its focus in work related to agriculture, rural areas and rural people. In the new era, China will act on its new development philosophy and build on its new development paradigm. It will prioritize affairs related to agriculture, rural areas and rural people, and follow a socialist path with Chinese characteristics in revitalizing the countryside by introducing more vigorous measures and pooling more resources.

到2035年，中國將基本實現社會主義現代化，鄉村振興取得決定性進展，農業農村現代化基本實現。那時的中國鄉村，農業結構得到根本性改善，農民就業質量顯著提高，相對貧困進一步緩解，共同富裕邁出堅實步伐；城鄉基本公共服務均等化基本實現，城鄉融合發展體制機制更加完善；鄉風文明達到新高度，鄉村治理體系更加完善；農村生態環境根本好轉，美麗宜居鄉村基本實現。

By 2035, China will have achieved basic socialist modernization. With decisive progress in rural revitalization by that time, agriculture and rural areas will be modernized and fundamentally restructured. Farmers will benefit from the quality employment which comes with better jobs, relative poverty will be further alleviated, and concrete progress will be made in achieving common prosperity for all. Rural areas will enjoy the same basic public services as urban areas, brought about by improved systems and mechanisms for urban-rural integration. Farmers will enjoy a better cultural environment in civil and neighborly communities, and benefit from improved rural governance. There will be a fundamental improvement in the eco-environment; the goal of building a beautiful, livable countryside will be basically realized.

到2050年，中國將全面建成社會主義現代化強國，實現第二個百年奮斗目標，鄉村全面振興。那時的中國鄉村，農業強、農村美、農民富，經濟社會全面進步，各項事業繁榮發展。那時的中國，全體人民共同富裕基本實現，中國人民享有更加幸福安康的生活，中國向著實現人的全面發展和全體人民共同富裕更高目標繼續邁進。

By 2050, China will have become a great modern socialist country in every dimension, realizing the Second Centenary Goal and fully revitalizing the countryside. At that time, China will have a strong agriculture, a beautiful and revitalized countryside, and prosperous farmers, enjoying across-the-board progress in society and the economy, and thriving endeavors in every sector. At that time, the Chinese people will embrace a happier life in common prosperity, and the nation will continue to march towards higher goals of all-round development of the people and common prosperity for all.

中國的發展離不開世界，世界的發展也離不開中國。中國始終將自身發展與人類發展緊密相連，始終做世界和平的建設者、全球發展的貢獻者、國際秩序的維護者。繁榮發展的未來中國，是更加開放包容的中國，是與世界形成更加良性互動的中國，是為建設更加美好的世界作出更大貢獻的中國。

China cannot develop in isolation from the rest of the world; and the world needs China for further development. With this in mind, China has always been a builder of global peace, a contributor to global growth, and a guardian of the international order. In the future, a more prosperous China will also be more open and inclusive; it will interact more constructively with the international community, and make a greater contribution to building a better world.

附錄　

中國扶貧標準的變化和調整

Appendix

Adjustments of China's Poverty Standards

根據國民經濟社會發展水平和貧困人口基本生活需求確定扶貧標準，是中國實施大規模、有計劃、有組織扶貧以來一直的做法。

China has implemented large-scale planned and organized poverty alleviation programs. Standards for poverty alleviation were formulated according to its social and economic development and the basic living needs of its poor populations.

中國第一次制定扶貧標準是1986年，為206元，對應的貧困人口數量為1.25億，主要解決溫飽問題。2001年制定第一個十年農村扶貧開發綱要時，將扶貧標準提高到865元，對應的貧困人口數量為9422.8萬。2011年制定第二個十年農村扶貧開發綱要時，將扶貧標準提高到2300元（2010年不變價），對應的貧困人口數量為1.22億。

In 1986, China set its first poverty standard at RMB206, designed to provide adequate food and clothing for 125 million poor. In 2001, when formulating the Outline of Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas (2001-2010), the nation raised the standard to RMB865 for 94.23 million poor. In 2011, when formulating the Outline of Development-driven Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas (2011-2020), China readjusted the standard to RMB2,300 (based on the 2010 price index) to help 122 million poor.

脫貧攻堅以來，中國的貧困人口識別和退出以戶為單位，主要衡量標準是“一收入”“兩不愁三保障”。“一收入”就是該戶年人均純收入穩定超過現行國家扶貧標準，“兩不愁三保障”就是穩定實現不愁吃、不愁穿和義務教育、基本醫療、住房安全有保障。中國的貧困人口退出標準是綜合性多維標準，不僅衡量收入水平，還考量貧困人口生存權發展權的實現程度，體現了中國經濟社會發展實際和全面建成小康社會的基本要求。

In the final stage of fighting extreme poverty, impoverished people in China were registered and deregistered by household. The criteria are personal incomes, and the household's situation with reference to the Two Assurances and Three Guarantees. The former requires that the annual average per capita income for a household remains steady above China's current poverty line. The latter refers to guarantees of adequate food and clothing, and access to compulsory education, basic medical services, and safe housing for impoverished rural residents.

China's standards for deregistering those who have emerged from poverty are comprehensive, including income, and the extent to which they are assured the rights to subsistence and development. These standards reflect the realities of China's social and economic development as well as the basic requirements for achieving moderate prosperity in all respects.

（注：本文省略了原文中的圖表和專欄）

Note: Charts, tables and boxes omitted

（來源：新華網）

(Source: Xinhua)