《2013年中國人權事業的進展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2013

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一、發展權利	I. Right to Development
2013年，中國經濟運行穩中向好，發展成果更多地惠及全體人民，廣大群眾的物質文化需要得到更好的滿足，中國人民的發展權利得到更加充分的保障。	China's economy was stable and improved in 2013, better benefiting the Chinese people. The material and cultural needs of the people have been better satisfied, and the Chinese people's right to development has been better guaranteed.
人民生活水平持續提高。2013年，中國國內生產總值保持了7.7%的較快增長。全年農村居民人均純收入8,896元，扣除價格因素，實際增長9.3%；城鎮居民人均可支配收入26,955元，扣除價格因素，實際增長7.0%；居民消費價格漲幅保持在2.6%的低水平。全國糧食產量達到60,193.5萬噸；民用汽車保有量達到13,741萬輛；固定電話用戶26,699萬戶，移動電話用戶新增11,696萬戶，達到122,911萬戶。國內游客32.6億人次，比上年增長10.3%；國內居民出境9,819萬人次，增長18.0%，其中因私出境9,197萬人次，增長19.3%。	The people's living standards are steadily on the rise. In 2013 China maintained a GDP growth rate of 7.7 percent, which was relatively fast. The annual per capita net income for rural residents reached 8,896 yuan, up 9.3 percent in real terms; the annual per capita disposable income for urban residents was 26,955 yuan, an increase of 7 percent in real terms; and the rise in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) remained at the low level of 2.6 percent. China's annual grain output in 2013 reached 601.935 million tons; the number of civil vehicle holding reached 137.41 million; the number of fixed phone lines was 266.99 million, and the number of mobile phone users increased by 116.96 million to 1,229.11 million. The number of domestic tours totaled 3.26 billion, and the number of trips abroad made by Chinese citizens reached 98.19 million, up 10.3 percent and 18 percent, respectively, over the previous year. Among them, the number of trips abroad for private purposes reached 91.97 million, an increase of 19.3 percent.
多渠道擴大就業。在就業壓力大的情況下，中國堅持實施就業優先戰略，將穩增長、保就業作為經濟運行合理區間的下限，在發展的基礎上創造更多和更高質量的就業機會。注重發展吸納就業能力強的勞動密集型產業、中小企業、民營企業、服務業。2013年城鎮新增就業1,310萬人，比2012年多增44萬人。城鎮登記失業率保持在4.1%的較低水平。加強技能培訓，全國開展政府補貼性職業培訓2,049萬人次，其中，就業技能培訓1227.5萬人次，創業培訓208.2萬人次，崗位技能提升培訓548.7萬人次，其他培訓64.6萬人次。城鎮登記失業人員培訓398萬人。幫助農村勞動力穩定轉移就業，全年共組織農民工專場招聘2萬多場，培訓農民工938.4萬人次。更加關注以高校畢業生為重點的青年就業，通過加強就業指導服務，開展校園招聘活動，實施“離校未就業高校畢業生就業促進計劃”等措施，促進高校畢業生多渠道、多形式就業和創業。	Employment is expanding through various channels. Despite great employment pressure, China adheres to the employment priority strategy, taking stable growth and ensuring employment as the threshold of a proper economic range, and creating more and better-quality jobs on the basis of development. China attaches great importance to the development of labor-intensive industries, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), private enterprises and service industries that can create more jobs. In 2013 some 13.1 million urban jobs were created, an increase of 440,000 over 2012, and the registered urban unemployment rate stayed at 4.1 percent, which was relatively low. The government also provided skills training. As many as 20.49 million people participated in vocational training with government subsidies in 2013, among whom 12.275 million participated in employment skills training, 2.082 million attended entrepreneurship training, 5.487 million took part in job skills upgrading training and 646,000 received other types of training. The number of laid-off workers receiving training reached 3.98 million. China endeavors to facilitate the transfer to non-agricultural jobs of rural people, organized more than 20,000 special job fairs for migrant workers in 2013, and trained 9.384 million farmers. The government attaches ever-more importance to the employment of young people, especially college graduates. Through employment guidance services, campus recruitment activities, the "Employment Promotion Plan for Unemployed College Graduates" and other measures, China encourages college graduates to find jobs and start businesses in various forms and through various channels.
勞動者權利得到切實保障。2013年，全國有27個省（區、市）提高了最低工資標準，平均提高幅度為17%。外出農民工月平均收入2,609元，比2012年增加319元。全國基層工會組織和職工維權機構繼續保持較快發展。截至2013年，各地鄉鎮街道勞動爭議調解組織組建率達60%，同比增加10個百分點；勞動人事爭議仲裁委員會組建率達91.6%；全國勞動人事爭議仲裁院建院率為72.7%，同比增加約20個百分點。截至2013年，全國共有基層工會組織277萬個，比2012年增長4%；全國簽訂有效集體合同129.8萬份，比2012年增長6%，覆蓋364萬家企業1.6億職工，分別比2012年增長18%和9%。加大幫扶困難職工工作力度，773.9萬人次困難職工得到幫助。	The basic rights of workers are guaranteed. In 2013 a total of 27 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) raised their minimum wage standards, averaging a 17 percent annual hike. The average monthly income of rural workers employed away from their homes was 2,609 yuan, an increase of 319 yuan over 2012. Community-level trade unions and organizations for safeguarding workers' rights continue to maintain a relatively rapid pace of development. By the end of 2013 the formation rate of labor dispute mediation organizations in townships and subdistricts had reached 60 percent, an increase of 10 percent year on year; the formation rate of labor dispute arbitration committees had reached 91.6 percent; and the rate of labor dispute arbitration courts nationwide was 72.7 percent, up 20 percent year on year. The number of community-level trade unions increased to 2.77 million, up 4 percent over 2012; a total of 1.298 million effective collective contracts were signed throughout the country, involving 3.64 million enterprises and 160 million employees, up 6 percent, 18 percent and 9 percent over 2012, respectively. Assistance to impoverished workers was strengthened, benefiting 7.739 million people in 2013.
保障性安居工程建設不斷推進。2013年，中央財政下達2,003億元補助資金，支持各地加快保障性住房建設和棚戶區改造，完善配套基礎設施建設。全年新開工建設保障性住房和棚戶區改造住房660萬套，基本建成540萬套。截至2013年，全國累計解決了3,600多萬戶城鎮家庭的住房困難。地級以上城市均制定了外來務工人員申請住房保障的條件、程序和輪候規則，住房保障制度由僅覆蓋城鎮戶籍家庭擴展到覆蓋全部常住人口。繼續推進農村危房改造，全年改造農村危房266萬戶。	The government-subsidized housing projects continue to make progress. In 2013 the central government appropriated 200.3 billion yuan to help facilitate the building of government-subsidized housing and the rebuilding of dilapidated areas in all regions, and the improvement of supporting infrastructure. In the same year, construction of 6.6 million government-subsidized housing units and housing units in dilapidated areas started, and 5.4 million were basically finished. By the end of the year China had provided housing for another 36 million urban families. Cities at prefectural level and above had all worked out the conditions, procedures and waiting rules for government-subsidized housing applications by migrant workers, and the government-subsidized housing system had expanded to cover not only households with permanent urban residency but all the resident population in urban areas. China continued to promote the renovation of rural housing, renovating 2.66 million dilapidated rural houses in 2013.
農村扶貧開發扎實推進。2013年，國務院發布了《關于創新機制扎實推進農村扶貧開發工作的意見》。中央財政投入專項扶貧資金394億元，比上年增加了62億元。2013年全國農村共有1,650萬人脫貧。國家扶貧開發工作重點縣農村居民人均純收入5,389元，比上年增加787元，扣除價格因素，實際增長13.8%，增幅繼續高于全國平均水平。	Poverty reduction in rural areas is making steady headway. In 2013 the State Council issued Opinions on Promoting Rural Poverty Alleviation though Innovation Mechanisms. The central government appropriated 39.4 billion yuan on poverty reduction, an increase of 6.2 billion yuan over the previous year. In 2013 some 16.5 million rural residents got rid of poverty. The per capita net income for rural residents in the counties which are key targets of the government's poverty-reduction work reached 5,389 yuan, an increase of 787 yuan over 2012, or up 13.8 percent in real terms, a growth rate higher than that of the average level in China.
基層貧困地區教育保障力度加大。2013年全國公共財政教育支出21,877億元，增長3%，對農村貧困地區予以重點傾斜。2013年，中央財政安排營養膳食補助資金190億元（含地方試點獎補資金22.18億元），食堂建設專項資金近100億元。截至2013年，共有3,245萬農村義務教育學生享受營養補助政策，其中：全國22個省份的699個集中連片特困縣（包括新疆兵團19個團場）開展了國家試點，覆蓋學校9.59萬所，受益學生3,200萬人；19個省份的529個縣開展了地方試點，覆蓋學校3.98萬所，受益學生1,002萬人。中央下達農村義務教育薄弱學校改造計劃資金100億元，重點支持中西部農村地區、民族地區、貧困地區改善薄弱學校辦學條件。中央財政安排資金165億元，支持和引導地方擴大學前教育資源，鼓勵地方建立學前教育資助制度，幫助家庭經濟困難兒童、孤兒和殘疾兒童接受普惠性學前教育；安排普通高中國家助學金46.47億元，資助家庭經濟困難學生近500萬人；所有農村學生、城市涉農專業和家庭經濟困難學生均享受中職免學費政策，一、二年級在校涉農專業學生和非涉農專業家庭經濟困難學生享受國家助學金。30個省（區、市）向社會公布了進城務工人員隨遷子女在當地參加高考的實施方案，12個省市開始解決隨遷子女在當地參加高考問題。	Education in poverty-stricken areas is better ensured, with bigger efforts being made in this regard. The expenditure from public finance on education in 2013 was 2187.7 billion yuan, up 3 percent over the previous year and mainly focusing on poverty-stricken rural areas. In the same year, the central financial body allocated 19 billion yuan of nutrition subsidies (including 2.218 billion yuan of government awards and subsidies for local pilot projects) and a special fund of nearly 10 billion yuan for building student dining halls. By the end of 2013 some 32.45 million rural students receiving compulsory education were benefiting from the nutrition subsidy policy. A total of 699 counties with contiguous poor areas (including 19 regiment-level entities of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps) in 22 provincial-level administrative areas carried out pilot projects, covering 95,900 schools and benefiting 32 million students; 529 counties in 19 provincial-level administrative areas launched pilot projects, covering 39,800 schools and benefiting 10.02 million students. The central government appropriated 10 billion yuan to upgrade rural schools with poor compulsory education conditions, with the focus on supporting the central and western rural areas, regions inhabited by ethnic minorities and poverty-stricken areas in improving their compulsory education conditions. The government allocated 16.5 billion yuan of funds from the central budget to support and lead the expansion of preschool educational resources in various regions, and to encourage the local governments to establish the preschool education financial assistance system so as to help impoverished children, orphans and disabled children receive preschool education; the government also provided 4.647 billion yuan of national grants to regular senior high schools, benefiting nearly 5 million students from poverty-stricken households; secondary vocational education was made free for all rural students, urban students whose majors are related to agriculture, and urban impoverished students, and the first- and second-grade students whose majors are related to agriculture or who are from impoverished households enjoy national grants. Thirty provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) have released policies allowing the children of rural migrant workers who live in cities to take the local college entrance examinations, and 12 provinces and municipalities have started solving the problem.
公民享受更加優質、均等的文化服務。繼續實施《全國地市級公共文化設施建設規劃》，開展創建國家公共服務體系示范區（項目）工作，中央和各地投入創建的財政資金超過180億元。截至2013年，文化信息資源共享工程已建成1個國家中心，33個省級分中心，2,843個市縣支中心，29,555個鄉鎮（街道）基層服務點，60.2萬個行政村（社區）基層服務點，部分省（區、市）村級覆蓋范圍已延伸到自然村；已建設公共電子閱覽室42,654個，其中鄉鎮27,706個，街道2,282個，社區12,666個。2013年，全國公共圖書館共發放借書證2,877萬個，比上年增加393萬個；總流通人次49,232萬人次，比上年增加5795萬人次。2013年，全國群眾文化機構共組織開展各類活動128.84萬場次，服務人次43,431萬人次。國家通過實施廣播電視村村通戶戶通、全國文化信息資源共享、農家書屋、農村電影公益放映、鄉鎮綜合文化站建設等一系列重大文化惠民工程，將公共文化資源直接輸送到基層。2013年，全國公共財政文化體育與傳媒支出2519.56億元，比上年增長11.1%。2013年，中央財政用于公共文化服務體系建設的資金達170億元，比上年增加16億元，增長10.55%。在資金支出時切實貫徹落實增量經費主要用于基層、用于農村的規定，并向老少邊窮地區傾斜。基本公共文化服務均等化取得進展。	Chinese citizens enjoy better and equal cultural services. China has continued to implement the National Construction Plan of Prefectural (City) Level Public Cultural Facilities, and has started the project of building demonstration sites of the national public service system, with 18 billion yuan of funds from the central and local public finance. By the end of 2013, with the cultural information resource-sharing program, China had built one service center at the national level, 33 sub-centers at the provincial level, 2,843 branches at the county level, 29,555 service stations at the township (subdistrict) level, and 602,000 service outlets at the incorporated village (community) level, and the service outlet coverage in some provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) has extended to unincorporated villages; China has built 42,654 public electronic reading rooms, among which 27,706 are in townships, 2,282 are in subdistricts and 12,666 are in communities. In 2013 public libraries in China handed out 28.77 million library cards, 3.93 million more than in the previous year; the number of visits to libraries reached 492.32 million, 57.95 million more than in the previous year. In the same year, cultural institutes across the country organized 1.2884 million activities of various kinds to provide services to 434.31 million people. China has delivered public cultural resources directly to communities by implementing a series of major cultural projects benefiting the people, including providing radio and television services to every household of rural areas, launching the national cultural information resource-sharing program, building libraries for farmers, projecting free films in rural areas, and setting up township cultural stations. In 2013 the country' s total funds for culture, sports and media services provided by the public finances reached 251.956 billion yuan, an increase of 11.1 percent as compared with the previous year. The central government spent 17 billion yuan on the building of the public cultural service system, an increase of 1.6 billion yuan, or 10.55 percent over the previous year. The government uses incremental funds mainly at the community level and in rural areas, and provides preferential policies to former revolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, border areas and impoverished regions. Public cultural services have also been made more equitable.
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