《新疆生產建設兵團的歷史與發展》白皮書
White Paper: The History and Development of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

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一、建立與發展	I. Founding and Development
新疆地處中國西北邊陲。新疆生產建設兵團是在特殊的地理、歷史背景下成立的。	Xinjiang is situated in the border areas of northwest China. Founding of the XPCC occurred under a special geographical and historical background.
1949年新疆和平解放時，當地經濟是以農牧業為主體的自然經濟，生產力水平低下，生產方式落后，發展處于停滯狀態，人民生活貧苦不堪。為鞏固邊防、加快發展，減輕新疆當地政府和各族人民的經濟負擔，1950年1月，駐新疆人民解放軍將主要力量投入到生產建設之中，當年實現糧食大部分自給、食油蔬菜全部自給。1953年，新疆軍區將所屬部隊整編為國防部隊和生產部隊兩個部分，其中生產部隊建有軍墾農牧團場43個，擁有耕地77.26千公頃。同時還興辦工業、交通、建筑、商業企業和科技、教育、文化、衛生等事業單位，為之后組建生產建設兵團奠定了基礎。	When Xinjiang was peacefully liberated in 1949, the region featured a natural economy, with farming and animal husbandry as the mainstay. Productivity was low and the mode of production was backward. Development was stalled and local residents lived in poverty. Aiming to consolidate border defense, accelerate Xinjiang's development, and reduce the economic burden on the local government and local residents of all ethnic groups, in January 1950 the People's Liberation Army (PLA) units stationed in Xinjiang started focusing their efforts on production and construction. By the end of that year they had become largely self-sufficient in grains and fully self-sufficient in edible oil and vegetables. In 1953 the Xinjiang Military District reorganized its troops into two divisions: defense troops and production troops. The latter had 43 regimental agricultural and stock raising farms and 77,260 hectares of farmland. The production troops also set up industrial, transport, construction, and commercial enterprises, as well as public institutions of science and technology, education, health, and culture, so paving the way for the founding of the Production and Construction Corps.
1954年10月，中央政府命令駐新疆人民解放軍第二、第六軍大部，第五軍大部，第二十二兵團全部，集體就地轉業，脫離國防部隊序列，組建“中國人民解放軍新疆軍區生產建設兵團”，接受新疆軍區和中共中央新疆分局雙重領導，其使命是勞武結合、屯墾戍邊。兵團由此開始正規化國營農牧團場的建設，由原軍隊自給性生產轉為企業化生產，并正式納入國家計劃。當時，兵團總人口17.55萬。此后，全國各地大批優秀青壯年、復轉軍人、知識分子、科技人員加入兵團行列，投身新疆建設。從1956年5月起，兵團受國家農墾部和新疆維吾爾自治區雙重領導。	In October 1954 the central government ordered the demobilization of most of the PLA Second, Fifth, and Sixth Armies and all of the 22nd Army Group in Xinjiang, and their separation from the setups of the national defense forces to form the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA, subject to the dual leadership of the Xinjiang Military District and the Xinjiang Sub-bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The XPCC's missions were to carry out both production and militia duties, and to cultivate and guard the border areas. Henceforth the XPCC officially commenced its building of state-run agricultural and stock raising farms, and transformed from military self-sufficient production to production as an enterprise, incorporated into national planning. The XPCC had an initial population of 175,500, later swelled by large numbers of youth, demobilized military personnel, intellectuals, scientists, and technicians. As of May 1956 the XPCC was subordinated to the dual leadership of the Ministry of Land Reclamation and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
1962年，新疆伊犁、塔城地區先后發生了邊民越境事件。根據國家部署，兵團調遣了1.7萬余名干部、職工奔赴當地維護社會治安，施行代耕、代牧、代管，并迅速在新疆伊犁、塔城、阿勒泰、哈密地區和博爾塔拉蒙古自治州等長達2000多公里的邊境沿線建立了縱深10公里到30公里的邊境團場帶。這對于穩定新疆、維護國家邊防安全發揮了不可替代的重要作用，改善了國家西北邊防的戰略態勢。到1966年底，兵團總人口達到148.54萬，擁有農牧團場158個。	In 1962 some local residents in Xinjiang's Ili and Tacheng crossed the frontier. By order of the state, the XPCC dispatched more than 17,000 officials and workers to Ili and Tacheng to maintain public order and tend the farmland and livestock of those who had fled. They quickly set up a belt of regimental farms ranging from 10 to 30 kilometers in breadth along the more than 2,000-kilometer-long boundaries of Ili, Tacheng, Altay, Hami, and Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. They played a crucial role in maintaining stability in Xinjiang, safeguarding national border security, and improving China's strategic position in its northwest border defense. By the end of 1966, the Corps had 158 regimental agricultural and stock raising farms, with a population of 1,485,400.
“文化大革命”(1966-1976年)期間，兵團屯墾戍邊事業受到嚴重破壞。1975年3月，兵團建制被撤銷，成立新疆維吾爾自治區農墾總局，主管全疆國營農牧團場的業務工作。1981年12月，中央政府決定恢復兵團建制，名稱由原有的“中國人民解放軍新疆軍區生產建設兵團”改為“新疆生產建設兵團”，兵團開始了二次創業。30多年時間里，兵團對國有農牧場進行了大包干責任制、興辦職工家庭農場、企業承包經營責任制、發展多種經濟成分等方面的改革，興辦工業，建設城鎮，兵團的屯墾戍邊事業不斷邁向新的階段。	During the "cultural revolution" (1966-1976), the XPCC suffered serious disruption in fulfilling its mission of cultivating and guarding the border areas. In March 1975 the Corps was dissolved. The General Administration of Land Reclamation of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region was founded to take charge of state-run agricultural and stock raising farms in Xinjiang. In December 1981 the central government decided to restore the production and construction corps organizational system. It renamed the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. The Corps then recommenced its pioneering work. Over the past 30 years or more, the XPCC has introduced reforms by expediting the general contract responsibility system and the enterprise contract responsibility system and setting up workers' household farms. It has also developed diverse sectors of the economy, promoted industrial development and established new cities and towns. The XPCC has thus scaled new heights of progress in its endeavor to cultivate and guard the border areas.
60年來，兵團以屯墾戍邊為使命，遵循“不與民爭利”的原則，在天山南北的戈壁荒漠和人煙稀少、環境惡劣的邊境沿線，開荒造田，建成了一個個農牧團場，逐步建立起涵蓋食品加工、輕工紡織、鋼鐵、煤炭、建材、電力、化工、機械等門類的工業體系，教育、科技、文化、衛生等各項社會事業取得長足發展。截至2013年底，兵團下轄14個師，176個團，轄區面積7.06萬平方公里，耕地1244.77千公頃，總人口270.14萬，占新疆總人口的11.9%。	Over the past 60 years, in fulfilling its mission the XPCC has adhered to the principle of "not competing for benefits with the local people." The XPCC reclaimed farmland and successively built regimental agricultural and stock raising farms in the Gobi desert to the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, and in the harsh natural environment of the desolate border areas. The XPCC has gradually established a multi-sector industrial system encompassing food processing, light industry, textiles, iron and steel, coal, building materials, electricity, chemicals, and machinery. It has also achieved significant progress in education, science and technology, culture, health, and other public sectors. By the end of 2013, the XPCC had 176 regiments, 14 divisions, an area of 70,600 square kilometers under its administration, including 1,244,770 hectares of farmland, and a population of 2,701,400, accounting for 11.9% of Xinjiang's total population.
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